UNchallenged Essays - Educators, Occupations, Teacher, Teaching

"when a school child remains unchallenged he or she shuts down and looses interest and they shut down all together"-Bessie Hogan. I agree with Bessie Hogan that if a child goes unchallenged or not retaining any of the information given by the educator, the child will lose focus and the teacher will fail at the task at hand. Because education sometimes goes through the cracks as not challenged and the student is left behind causing controversy, therefore casing people to come with proper solutions. I stand firmly resolved that; Teachers pay should be tied to students performance in the classrooms. In support of my resolution let me offer the following 3 contentions: first, teacher?s payroll should be tied to a student?s achievement you pump enthusiasm into the schools and the classrooms, secondly it will cause the teachers to work harder and more ambitiously. Thirdly, great teachers will have that extra boost to perform better and reach the achievement gap. The important question concerning this issue is: Shouldn't teachers receive rewards or suffer penalties based on student?s performance? My first contention is that teacher?s payroll should be tied to how well a student performs in school. The teachers are hired to teach and educate the minds of youth. Hard as it may be we need teachers who can perform and complete the task at hand putting the teacher?s paycheck. On their performance. Many people don't want to go through with the plan but it has be proven benefited in private schools. It was shown that when in the private schools the teachers successfully pass 90% of their students and the teachers pay shows the great accomplishments. It also would pump more enthusiasm class room and give teachers and student a sense of importance and make them want to be there obtaining the information My second contention states that if teachers pay is tied to how well a teacher can teach then the educator will work ambitiously and harder in order to accomplish what they are set out to do. Giving extra money to a teachers? pay check is something that is long over due teachers are under paid and over looked all the time for some of the things the set off to do. Mrs. Chowan a teacher from South Dakota strived for excellence when she was faced with a huge problem in trying to get one of her student athletes up to level to play in the game. Tim the athlete was way below average and needed to past in order to play in the game which would determine his future. Chowan worked diligently and dedicated her time to not only gets Tim eligible for the game she even got him to move two letter grades up. That's what kind of teachers we need and her pay reflects that. My last and finally contention is that tying teachers pay to the student performance won't be such a punishment, it would be an incentive something more of as a challenge for teachers everywhere to compete and get their students to the fill that achievement gap. Even though in this day and time we find teachers who only come into the profession to earn a paycheck and don?t care if a student is failing as long as at the pay period they are receiving a check with their names on it. But having the their pay tied to the students performance will eliminate the quote on quote bad teacher because it causes them to actually have to try and work to get that a higher wage of salary and who wouldn?t want to get paid at a higher wage. But it will better benefit the student because the child is learning and comprehending the information rather than putting out to do a task without instructions. In conclusion teachers pay should be tied to the performance of the student in order to get better results in the education taught to the students because we need great teacher who can lead the way and provides us with the tools and the knowledge to perform well in the real world.

Free Essays on Why Schools Dont Educate

The Problem With Schools Today    John Gatto, a former teacher, gives an extreme argument of what is wrong with our education in schools. The teacher gives examples of certain issues affecting the system. The article written by John Gatto, â€Å"Why Schools Don’t Educate,† was a compelling description of how horrible our schools are. The article had a list of reasons that were wrong with education and schools that made it hard not to think hard about the issue. I had a lot of different emotions on the subject that Gatto has brought to my attention. The former teacher argues that schools are almost like a jail for children. That they don’t let kids be individuals and have no idea what kind of life they could have. He explains that schools don’t teach anything except for how to obey orders. This article also proposes that society is disintegrating and that only confidant, self-reliant, and individualistic people are successful in life. Gatto has explains that the schools hurt the sense of community by making children not part of daily life. â€Å"Children and old people are penned up and locked away from the business of the world without precedent; nobody talks to them anymore. Without children and old people mixing in daily life, a community has no future and no past; only a continuous present. In fact, the name community hardly applies to the way we interact with each other. We live in networks, not communities, and everyone I know is lonely because of that. In some strange way, a school is a major actor in this tragedy, just as it is a major actor in the widening gulf among social classes.†(180). I believe in some aspects of life that this is true. Adults are constantly telling children what to do and what is wrong, it is hard for kids to broaden their horizons in today’s society. Teachers are a big part of this problem; not being able to explain to kids in a right manner. Today’s society n eeds children to grow up a... Free Essays on Why Schools Don't Educate Free Essays on Why Schools Don't Educate The Problem With Schools Today    John Gatto, a former teacher, gives an extreme argument of what is wrong with our education in schools. The teacher gives examples of certain issues affecting the system. The article written by John Gatto, â€Å"Why Schools Don’t Educate,† was a compelling description of how horrible our schools are. The article had a list of reasons that were wrong with education and schools that made it hard not to think hard about the issue. I had a lot of different emotions on the subject that Gatto has brought to my attention. The former teacher argues that schools are almost like a jail for children. That they don’t let kids be individuals and have no idea what kind of life they could have. He explains that schools don’t teach anything except for how to obey orders. This article also proposes that society is disintegrating and that only confidant, self-reliant, and individualistic people are successful in life. Gatto has explains that the schools hurt the sense of community by making children not part of daily life. â€Å"Children and old people are penned up and locked away from the business of the world without precedent; nobody talks to them anymore. Without children and old people mixing in daily life, a community has no future and no past; only a continuous present. In fact, the name community hardly applies to the way we interact with each other. We live in networks, not communities, and everyone I know is lonely because of that. In some strange way, a school is a major actor in this tragedy, just as it is a major actor in the widening gulf among social classes.†(180). I believe in some aspects of life that this is true. Adults are constantly telling children what to do and what is wrong, it is hard for kids to broaden their horizons in today’s society. Teachers are a big part of this problem; not being able to explain to kids in a right manner. Today’s society n eeds children to grow up a...

Brand New Eyes by Paramore

Very few music artists are skilled enough to put out an album that has equally impressive melodies, lyrics, and lead vocals. In 2009, Paramore released their third studio album, which is their most popular and critically acclaimed album to date. Since its release, it has been certified gold in the United States and platinum in the UK. Its blend of catchy tunes, brutally honest lyrics, and the dynamic vocals of lead singer Hayley Williams has raised it to the tops of the charts of rock music over the past couple years. This is definitely an album worth your time and money. One of the reasons this album and band is looked up to by many musicians, is the emotional and deep lyrics that Williams has written since the bands inception in 2004. The fourth song, Brick By Boring Brick, tells the story of a girl, who seems to be too caught up in her own fantasy world. The lyrics, â€Å"Well you built up a world of magic, because your real life is tragic † hints that the real evil might not be the monsters in fairytales; it might be hidden in reality itself. Other examples of the albums complex lyrics are, â€Å"Next time you point a finger, I might have to bend it back or break it, break it off,† which refers to the drama between members prior to Brand New Eyes release. All of the lyrics could have multiple meanings, both straight-forward and conceptual, which have grabbed a hold of listeners since the beginning. Another definitive aspect that boosted Paramores popularity from every other alternative rock band, is Williams powerhouse vocals. In 2003, at the age of 14, she was hunted down by Atlantic Records, who wanted to make her into a solo pop artist. Williams declined, and said later in an interview â€Å"my heart was to be in a band Without her unique voice, Paramore would have been like any other female fronted band throughout history. One of the key factors to many artists success beyond writing good music, is the live performance. Paramore has been recognized world-wide for this and has even had to change venues due to the huge amount of concert-goers. The complement of Williams powerful vocals and her ever-changing hair color, usually in shades of red or orange, along with guitarist Taylor York and bassist Jeremy Davis acrobatic-like acts onstage, makes a Paramore concert a spirited experience for both critics and music aficionado alike. In Fall of 2009, during their Brand New Eyes Tour, the performance echoed the aesthetics of the album, from the empty picture frames referring to the track â€Å"Playing God,† to the swinging light bulbs from â€Å"Ignorance.† I strongly support this album, and any other from Paramore. I believe that it is a timeless piece that could possibly become a classic alternative album in the future.

Leaderhip and Management in Resusitation Essay - 1

Leaderhip and Management in Resusitation - Essay Example Loss of time and error in the Resuscitation Department are paid dearly by the patient’s increased risk of morbidity (Rosen et al., 2008). In this scenario, there is an incessant demand for the healthcare team in the ERD to hone not only their specific individual and professional skills, but that they should learn to coordinate and work effectively as a team (Cooper and Wakelam, 1999; Sarcevic, Marsic, Waterhouse, Stockwell, and Burd, 2011). The high stress scenario of ERD is not an imagined reality. In fact, it is an actuality that is encountered daily by the healthcare team that is assigned in the ERD. Typically, the healthcare team only has 20 minutes to work together to â€Å"(1) stabilize the patient by (2) rapidly identifying life-threatening injuries; (3) determine the extent of the injury; (4) develop a plan for definitive surgical management of the patient† (Sarcevic et al, 2011, p. 229). Generally, the team is composed of 7 -15 members and they include an attending surgeon, surgical residents or fellows, nurses, an orthopaedic surgeon, an anaesthesiologist, a respiratory therapist, a pharmacist and an X-ray technician (Sarcevic et al., 2011). Additional specialist may be added to the team depending on the need of the patient. In this regard, it can be inferred that the health care team in ERD is technically an interdisciplinary team that have come together for the primary purpose of providing the patient with the initial care that the patient crucially needs. With this perspective, this research will delve on the critical function of nurses-Resuscitation Officer in the ERD. Specifically, this research will focus on the impact of nursing leadership and management in the discharge of the functions of Resuscitation Officer in the Resuscitation Department. Nursing leadership and management in ERD is crucial not only

Body image in different cultures Research Paper

Body image in different cultures - Research Paper Example Research within the understanding of body in different parts of the world has suggested that people like to showcase if they have any cuts that could make headlines for the people who are near and dear to them. In other words, the social circles hold a great deal of value for them because the body debates can go on and on and that too for a number of different reasons. The cultural angle is important to comprehend because some cultures are against the dictum of representing body in such a way that it gets exposed (Cash, 2002). There are others however that have no restriction whatsoever and opine that the body elements and shapes should be depicted as much as possible. What is important within such debates is that what people think of the related equations. If they are open to showcasing who they are and how they believe in their body types and shapes, then this is something that goes perfectly and in line with the discussion at hand. However, if they think this is not what they woul d like to demonstrate about their own selves, then so be it. Body image is seen as a very differential aspect within some countries because it means so much more than just body representation. ... Body image is one of the main concerns within Australia. It has been researched that the 11-24 year olds find it hard to adjust to body image requirements and want to be on top of their game. This includes both the males and the females as this is indeed one of the major concerns that surround their entirety. Within Venezuela, the debate is on the women’s body image that is signified through boobs. The size of the boob is one concern that has come to the fore as far as the women within Venezuela are related. However, America has maintained an unhealthy lust for body image as has been represented through media and different cross-sections of the society. The thin models denote how the modern American female would like herself to be. This has meant that she would almost do anything to look that way. There is complex of magnanimity if she feels she is out of proportion. It is a fact that there is not a single woman in this world who feels indifferent about her body. The same hold s true for males as well. They also want to look at their best as has been represented in different avenues of the media in this day and age. What is interesting enough to note here is the fact that both men and women have found themselves stuck in a rat race with the passage of time. They have understood that to move ahead they would have to be someone that they are not. In essence, the element of aspiration takes the front seat within the related settings, and this is a very unsettling act in entirety. Some elements within the body image discussions center on the premise of religion as well (Fisher, 1986). The Muslim religion does not allow their women to liberally

Jean Piagets Theory Essay Example for Free

Jean Piagets Theory Essay Piaget’s theory is based on stages, whereby each stage represents a qualitatively different type of thinking. Children in stage one cannot think the same as children in stage 2, 3 or 4 etc. Transitions from one stage to another are generally very fast, and the stages always follow an invariant sequence. Another important characteristic of his stage theory is that they are universal; the stages will work for everyone in the world regardless of their differences (except their age, of course, which is what the stages are based on!) Piaget acknowledged that there is an interaction between a child and the environment, and this is a focal point for his theory. He believed a child cannot learn unless they are constantly interacting with their environment, making mistakes and then learning from them. He defined children as â€Å"lone scientists†; he did not identify any need for teachers or adults in cognitive development. Children have all the cognitive mechanisms to learn on their own, and the interaction with their environment allows them to do so. To put this in perspective, another theory by Lev Vygotsky suggested that the interaction is not important at all; the child will learn when encouraged to with an adult’s assistance. I will be explaining then contrasting Vygotsky’s theory to Piaget’s in my next post – so be sure to check back for that! With the background of his theory explained, let’s look at – The Key Concepts of Piaget’s theory: Before explaining the main part of Piaget’s theory (the four stages), it’s very important to look at some of the underlying principles behind it. Rather than write a stupidly long paragraph explaining it all, I will write the key terms in bold, then explain them in bullet points – just to keep things simple! †¢Schema (pl. Schemata, although some say â€Å"Schemas† for the plural) Possibly one of the most important concepts put forward by Piaget, Schemata help individuals understand the world they inhabit. They are cognitive structures that represent a certain aspect of the world, and can be seen as categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in them. For example, my schema for Christmas includes: Christmas trees, presents, giving, money, green, red, gold, winter, Santa Claus etc. Someone else may have an entirely different schema, such as Jesus, birth, Church, holiday, Christianity etc. Of course, there are schemata for all kinds of things – yourself (self schemata), other people (people schemata), events/situations (event schemata) and roles/occupations (role schemata). With regards to Piaget’s theory, a child might have a pre-conceived schema for a dog. If the household has a small West Highland White Terrier as a dog, the schema might be â€Å"small, furry, four legs, white†. When the child interacts with a new dog – perhaps a Labrador, it will change to incorporate the new information, such as â€Å"big, golden, smooth etc.† This is known as: †¢Assimilation Simply the process of incorporating new information into a pre-existing schema. So with the â€Å"dog† example, the child assimilated the Labrador’s information into the old dog schema. Assimilation is essentially fitting new information into schemata we already have in place. Unfortunately, this can lead to stereotyping. For example, if an old lady sees a teenager mug another person, she might assimilate â€Å"violence† or â€Å"crime† into her teenage schema. Next time she sees a teenager, her schema will be applied to them – and although they may be a kind person, she will probably show prejudice. Assimilation is normally a simple process, as new information already fits the pre-exisiting categories. †¢Accommodation When coming across a new object for the first time, a child will attempt to apply an old schema to the object. For consistency, let’s use the dog example again. The child may have â€Å"four legs, furry† in their dog schema. When coming across another similar animal, such as a cat, they might say â€Å"Look, a dog!† – that’s assimilation. However, when told that it’s actually a cat – not a dog – they will accommodate the new information into another schema. They will now form a â€Å"cat† schema; â€Å"not all four legged furry animals are dogs – some are cats too!†. They have accommodated the new information. The process just mentioned – of assimilation then accommodation is known as †¢Adaptation Assimilation and accommodation are the two parts of adaptation – which is simply what it says – adapting our schemata to make an accurate (enough) model of the world we live in. It is a form of learning, but an entirely different form to the kind you’d see in behaviourist psychology for example (such as operant/classical conditioning). †¢Equilibrium Piaget suggested that humans naturally strive to achieve a cognitive balance; there must be a balance between applying prior knowledge (assimilation) and changing schemata to account for new information (accommodation). Piaget suggested that when a child has a schema which doesn’t fit reality, there is tension in the mind. By balancing the use of assimilation and accommodation, this tension is reduced and we can proceed to higher levels of thought and learning (equilibration). QUICK SUMMARY: Children have schemata (cognitive structures that contain pre-existing ideas of the world), which are constantly changing. Schemata constantly undergo adaptation, through the processes of assimilation and accommodation. When seeing new objects there is a state of tension, and a child will attempt to assimilate the information to see if it fits into prior schemata. If this fails, the information must be accommodated by either adding new schemata or modifying the existing ones to accommodate the information. By balancing the use of assimilation and accommodation, an equilibrium is created, reducing cognitive tension (equilibration). Vygotskys theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of making meaning. Unlike Piagets notion that childrens development must necessarily precede their learning, Vygotsky argued, learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function (1978, p. 90). In other words, social learning tends to precede (i.e. come before) development. Vygotsky has developed a socio-cultural approach to cognitive development. He developed his theories at around the same time as Jean Piaget was starting to develop his theories (1920s and 30s), but he died at the age of 38 and so his theories are incomplete although some of his writings are still being translated from Russian. No single principle (such as Piagets equilibration) can account for development. Individual development cannot be understood without reference to the social and cultural context within which it is embedded. Higher mental processes in the individual have their origin in social processes. Vygotskys theory differs from that of Piaget in a number of important ways: 1: Vygotsky places more emphasis on culture affecting/shaping cognitive development this contradicts Piagets view of universal stages and content of development. (Vygotsky does not refer to stages in the way that Piaget does). 2: Vygotsky places considerably more emphasis on social factors contributing to cognitive development (Piaget is criticised for underestimating this). 3: Vygotsky places more (and different) emphasis on the role of language in cognitive development (again Piaget is criticised for lack of emphasis on this). Effects of Culture: Tools of intellectual adaptation Like Piaget, Vygotsky claimed that infants are born with the basic materials/abilities for intellectual development Piaget focuses on motor reflexes and sensory abilities. Vygotsky refers to Elementary Mental Functions – o Attention o Sensation o Perception o Memory Eventually, through interaction within the socio-cultural environment, these are developed into more sophisticated and effective mental processes/strategies which he refers to as Higher Mental Functions. For example, memory in young children this is limited by biological factors. However, culture determines the type of memory strategy we develop. E.g., in our culture we learn note-taking to aid memory, but in pre-literate societies other strategies must be developed, such as tying knots in string to remember, or carrying pebbles, or repetition of the names of ancestors until large numbers can be repeated. Vygotsky refers to tools of intellectual adaptation these allow children to use the basic mental functions more effectively/adaptively, and these are culturally determined (e.g. memory mnemonics, mind maps). Vygotsky therefore sees cognitive functions, even those carried out alone, as affected by the beliefs, values and tools of intellectual adaptation of the culture in which a person develops and therefore socio-culturally determined. The tools of intellectual adaptation therefore vary from culture to culture as in the memory example Social Influences on Cognitive Development Like Piaget, Vygotsky believes that young children are curious and actively involved in their own learning and the discovery and development of new understandings/schema. However, Vygotsky placed more emphasis on social contributions to the process of development, whereas Piaget emphasised self-initiated discovery. According to Vygotsky (1978), much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skillful tutor. The tutor may model behaviours and/or provide verbal instructions for the child. Vygotsky refers to this as co-operative or collaborative dialogue. The child seeks to understand the actions or instructions provided by the tutor (often the parent or teacher) then internalizes the information, using it to guide or regulate their own performance. Shaffer (1996) gives the example of a young girl who is given her first jigsaw. Alone, she performs poorly in attempting to solve the puzzle. The father then sits with her and describes or demonstrates some basic strategies, such as finding all the comer/edge pieces and provides a couple of pieces for the child to put together herself and offers encouragement when she does so. As the child becomes more competent, the father allows the child to work more independently. According to Vygotsky, this type of social interaction involving co-operative or collaborative dialogue promotes cognitive development. In order to gain an understanding of Vygotskys theories on cognitive development, one must understand two of the main principles of Vygotskys work: the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). More Knowledgeable Other The more knowledgeable other (MKO) is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. Although the implication is that the MKO is a teacher or an older adult, this is not necessarily the case. Many times, a childs peers or an adults children may be the individuals with more knowledge or experience. For example, who is more likely to know more about the newest teen-age music groups, how to win at the most recent PlayStation game, or how to correctly perform the newest dance craze a child or their parents? In fact, the MKO need not be a person at all. Some companies, to support employees in their learning process, are now using electronic performance support systems. Electronic tutors have also been used in educational settings to facilitate and guide students through the learning process. The key to MKOs is that they must have (or be programmed with) more knowledge about the topic being learned than the learner does. Zone of Proximal Development The concept of the More Knowledgeable Other is integrally related to the second important principle of Vygotskys work, the Zone of Proximal Development. This is an important concept that relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. For example, the child could not solve the jigsaw puzzle (in the example above) by itself and would have taken a long time to do so (if at all), but was able to solve it following interaction with the father, and has developed competence at this skill that will be applied to future jigsaws. Vygotsky (1978) sees the Zone of Proximal Development as the area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on their own developing higher mental functions. Vygotsky also views interaction with peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies. He suggests that teachers use cooperative learning exercises where less competent children develop with help from more skillful peers within the zone of proximal development.

Morality vs. Culture :: Free Essays

Is morality Relative to culture? This argument’s foundation is the basic question on whether morality is relative to culture, or owns own desires. The pros of this argument are that we get to establish whether or not morality is a true sense of justice. As Melville J. Herskovitz indicates who is in favor of the cultural relativism notion, â€Å"Morality is a diverse unique variation of codes and ethics threat arises from culture to culture, belief to belief.† He argues that we cannot judge society based on its laws, and that we have to right to declare them inhumane. The pro’s of his argument supporting cultural relativism are that we as a superior society in the United States need to respect the laws and traditions as what is deemed acceptable in other third world nations. After all he eluded, it was by force that Europeans imposed themselves upon African cultures. This serves as the basis for his argument. That we are in no right to judge simply because we live a different lifestyle and fear change. His opposition, Louis P. Pojman makes a great counter attack. He agrees with Herskovitz in that social morality does indeed differ from culture to culture, but that does not make them necessarily right. He continues his argument by accentuating that if conventional relativism is accepted, then racism genocide of unpopular minorities, oppression of the poor, slavery, and even the advocacy of war for its own sake are as equally moral as their opposites. I believe this is where Pojman solidifies his argument. â€Å"Conventionalist relativism seems to reduce to subjectivism. And subjectivism leads, as we have seen, to the demise of morality altogether (Pojman).† I cannot pinpoint a con on Pojman’s argrument because he acknowledges the importance of ethical diversity, and he strongly recommends that we scrutinize the cultural relativism argument to find the many loopholes that the naked eye can’t see.

Adoption – Outliers: the Story of Success

19 October 2012 Outliers: The Story of Success Published in 2008, Outliers: The Story of Success is Malcolm Gladwell’s third consecutive best-selling nonfiction book, following Tipping Point (2000) and Blink (2005). While Tipping Point focuses on the individual’s ability to effect change in society, Outliers deals with the cultural and societal forces that give an individual a chance.Through a series of case studies, Gladwell insists that we have all too easily bought into the myth that successful people are self-made; instead, he says they â€Å"are invariably the beneficiaries of hidden advantages and extraordinary opportunities and cultural legacies that allow them to learn and work hard and make sense of the world in ways others cannot. † Gladwell defines an outlier as a person out of the ordinary â€Å"who doesn't fit into our normal understanding of achievement. According to Gladwell, great men and women are made from having success with ability, opportuni ties to become successful with 10,000 of practice, IQ not being the only thing needed, and that everything comes down to generation, family history, and demographics of society. Gladwell is able to support them and give great examples on how things work out with a person’s life. â€Å"The Matthew Effect† examines opportunity as a function of timing. Canadian hockey players born closer to the magic birthday of January 1 reap advantages that compound over time.Computer programmers Bill Joy and Bill Gates, both born in the 1950s, have taken advantage of the relative-age effect to become industry giants in the 1980s. Gladwell claims that Mozart and the Beatles are not so much innate musical prodigies but grinders who thrived only after 10,000 hours of practice. Roughly, ten years is how long it takes to put in ten thousand hours of hard practice and hard work. Both Bill Joy and Bill Gates had access to unlimited time usage on a computer at essentially the beginning of the modern industry and before anyone else. To become a chess grandmaster also seems to take about ten years† (41). This chapter makes a fascinating point that genius is a function of time and not giftedness. With this in mind we can observe that with hard work and a lot of time we can all become successful. Readers can draw a conclusion that maybe with chance and a lot of hard work and hours of practicing we can become successful at a specific task. As we continually read into Gladwell’s book we can see how many different famous people he has found that have had to put in many hours of hard work to achieve great success.We can also now observe that with hard work and a lot of time we can all become successful. Even the greatest people had to put in many long hours before they ever became famous. Gladwell then talks about Langen, whose IQ is one of the highest in recorded history, yet has an extremely high failing rate in perspective to a personal life. Professor Robert Opp enheimer, on the other hand ascended to work on the Manhattan Project while he was in graduate school. He had tried to poison his adviser.The difference is shown to result from an astonishing lack of charisma, which is a spiritual power that gives an individual influence or authority over groups of people, and a sense of what others are thinking in Langen, and extreme person ability in Oppenheimer, which is said to show that success is not a function of hard work or even genius but more of likability and the ability to empathize. Being able to be a likeable person is a factor of life that will never be useless. Many people who have likeable personalities will most likely get you further in life.No one wants to do something for someone who is miserable and unhappy, but yet they will be more willing to do it for someone who is appreciative and presence is enjoyable. Someone who is able to empathize is able to take into consideration other people’s feelings and works well with o thers. A successful person is someone who is able to do many different tasks and always take in criticism. Being a person who is successful is not easy, but if you are willing to work for something you can always obtain successWe can tie this all together and become a successful person in the eyes of Gladwell.Having a high IQ is not the only thing needed, intellect is important to become successful but there are so many more important factors first. Family background does play a major role, because if you come from a wealthier family you have quicker and easier access to helpful important things. Looking at things that impacted Joe Flom's life we are able to see that even the smallest things can make a person an outlier within our society. Once again it can come down to something as small as what year you were born in as to what your parents do for a living.I think that being at a certain place at a certain time can change your’ whole world but most of the time we don't reali ze that it changed our lives until a long time afterwards. Gladwell was talking about how those born between 1912 and 1917 were demographically at an advantage compared to those who were born between 1903 and 1911. He writes:The explanation has to do with two of the great cataclysmic events of the twentieth century: the Great Depression and World War II. If you were born after 1912.Those born in the later group would have graduated college during 1912 – say in 1915 – you got out of college after the Depression was over, and you were drafted at a young enough age that going away to war for three of four years was as much an opportunity as it was a disruption. The termites born before 1911, though, graduated from college at the height of the Depression, when job opportunities were scarce, and they were already in their late thirties when the second World War hit, meaning that when they were drafted, they had to disrupt careers and families and adult lives that were alrea dy well under way. 131-132) Those born in the first group would most likely already have started families and their whole lives would have been disrupted when they were called up by the draft for World War II. Those in the second group were born at a demographical advantage. To compare, look at when the World Trade Centers were hit and collapsed. I was only in 8th grade and had a limited understanding of the world around me.My parents on the other hand were older and knew immediately that life would never be the same. Since then all the tight restrictions on things are normal for me while my parents remember a world where things weren't so restricted. You were able to bring liquids with you on a plane and not have to worry about a terrorist threat. The whole world changed, in a sense we could be demographically at an advantage because the way the world is today is the only way that we know the world.In conclusion, personality and ambition were not enough, but had to be coupled with origins in a Jewish culture in which hard work and ingenuity were encouraged, and in fact a necessary part of life. Having to scrabble in a firm cobbled together out of necessity because white-shoe law firms did not hire Jews, gave the partners an unusual and timely expertise. Flom's firm decided it had to take hostile takeover cases when no one else would, and that turned Flom and his partners into experts in a kind of legal practice just beginning to boom when they hit their stride.Gladwell’s discussion influences my thinking because it made me more aware of how family setting at home can affect our future more than what we might think. Also, it showed me that just because a person might have a 100 IQ compared to an IQ of 190 does not mean that the lower IQ person is stupid it just shows they lack skills in that particular area, they might be able to have a more creative mind than someone with a high IQ. â€Å"Practice isn’t the thing you do once you’re good. It’s the thing you do that makes you good† (70).

Study Into Upper Limb Tremor Health And Social Care Essay

Upper limb shudder is defined as the rhythmical, nonvoluntary agitating motion happening at any parts of the upper appendage such as shoulder, cubitus, carpus or fingers ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Siresena, 2009 ) . The happening of shudder during task public presentation can be badly disenabling. Patients may hold important physical damage ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and a markedly decrease quality of life due to quake ( Louis & A ; Rios, 2009 ; Nguyen et al. , 2007 ) . Burdening schemes are widely recommended to cut down shudder. Occupational therapy text edition ( Pedretti & A ; Early, 2001 ; Radomski & A ; Trombly, 2008 ) suggest the usage of leaden utensils and leaden carpus turnups to ease public presentation in day-to-day life undertakings. Leaden contraptions are besides commercially available for people with upper limb shudder regardless of their types. Despite the broad acknowledgment of burdening schemes to relieve shudder, there is presently no systematic grounds to back up the usage these schemes as effectual methods to cut down shudder. Therefore, the concern of this systematic reappraisal was to underscore the effects of burdening schemes on people with different types of upper limb shudder basically for occupational therapy service suppliers.CLASSIFICATIONS OF TREMORHarmonizing to the Movement Disorder Society, shudder may attest in two different conditions ; remainder and action ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Tremor which occurs in a organic structure portion that is non supported against gravitation and non voluntarily activated is called remainder shudder while action shudder refers to any sort of shudder that is produced by voluntary contraction of musculuss looking during the public presentation of an activity ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Jankovic & A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Action shudder which consists of postural shudder, kinetic shudder and isometric shudder ( Table 1 ) may besides look on both sides of the organic structure or one-sidedly. The visual aspect of shudder can be described by its frequence ; either it is low ( & lt ; 4 Hz ) , medium ( 4-7 Hz ) or high ( & gt ; 7 Hz ) .Table 1: Definitions of Action TremorPostural shudder Tremor which is produced while keeping a place against gravitation. Kinetic shudder Tremor which occurs during any voluntary motion. 2.1 Simple kinetic shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during voluntary motions that is non target-directed. 2.2 Intention shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during visually guided motions where the amplitude of shudder additions towards the terminal of motion. 2.3 Task-specific shudder Kinetic shudder that appears during specific activities. Isometric shudder Tremor which occurs as a consequence of musculus contraction against a stiff stationary object. Tremor can besides be addressed diagnostically harmonizing to specific syndromes. Harmonizing to Deuschl et Al. ( 1998 ) , the syndromic categorization of shudder is the footing for farther probe and curative processs. Twelve classs have been suggested ; physiologic shudder, enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome, indispensable shudder syndromes, dystonic shudder syndromes, parkinsonian shudder syndromes, cerebellar shudder syndromes, Holmes ‘ shudder, palatine shudder syndrome, drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes, shudder syndromes in peripheral neuropathy, psychogenetic shudder and unclassified shudders ( Table 2 ) .Table 2: Syndromic categorization of shudderPhysiologic shudder Tremor which is present in every normal topic and every articulation or musculus that is free to hover. Enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome Easy visibleness of shudder, chiefly postural and high frequence. No grounds of underlying neurologic disease ; the cause of shudder is normally reversible Essential shudder syndromes Bilateral, mostly symmetrical postural or kinetic shudder affecting custodies and forearms that is seeable and relentless. Dystonic shudder syndromes Tremor in a organic structure portion affected by dystonia. Parkinsonian shudder Syndromes Pathologic shudder in patients with Parkinson ‘s disease with bradykinesia. Cerebellar shudder syndromes Pure or dominant purpose shudder, one-sided or bilateral. Holmes ‘ shudder Rest and purpose shudder with sometimes irregular presentation. Palatal shudder syndromes Rhythmical motions of the soft roof of the mouth. Drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes Tremor occurs in a sensible time-frame following drug consumption or poisoning. Tremor syndromes in peripheral neuropathy Tremor develops in association with a peripheral neuropathy Psychogenic shudder Tremor which its amplitude lessenings during distraction. Unclassified shudder Tremor which can non be classified.CAUSES OF TREMORDespite assorted categorizations of shudder have been established, the causes of shudder remain unknown. Tremor is frequently described to tie in certain diseases including familial diseases such as Parkinson ‘s disease and besides metabolic diseases ( e.g. thyrotoxicosis ) . These conditions are frequently accompanied by the happening of one or more phenomenon of shudder to certain organic structure parts ( Jankovic & A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Besides, shudder is normally seen in people with intellectual diseases such as multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 2001 ; Koch et al. , 2007 ) every bit good as in peripheral neuropathies patients ( e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome ) where postural shudder normally manifests. Tremor may besides happen in people with idiopathic diseases and sometimes look due to other external and internal factors such as drugs and intoxicant consumption ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Badness of shudder may besides be increased due to factors such as anxiousness, emphasis, weariness, hungriness, febrility or excessively much of caffeine consumption ( Bear et al. , 2006 ) .THE IMPACT OF UPPER LIMB TREMORMost of the undertakings in day-to-day lives require complex manus use. Upper limb action shudder has proven to be more interfering in day-to-day life activities because it is activated by motion ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and may look bilaterally or one-sidedly. Harmonizing to a cross-sectional survey conducted by Feys et Al. ( 2003 ) , upper appendage shudder of their 32 multiple induration respondents was perceived to interfere their day-to-day life activities peculiarly in undertakings necessitating all right motor accomplishments such as feeding, imbibing, personal hygiene and written communicating. These findings were elicited from both standardized observations of 16 points in Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) and a structured interview necessitating the participants to rate the degree of intervention of shudder in the FIM points, shaving or using make-up, picking up a pen, handwriting, runing a distant control, family and leisure activities. A larger figure of participants have been utilised in the survey by Louis and his co-workers ‘ ( 2001 ) to determine the impact of indispensable shudder towards functional disablement by utilizing a disablement questionnaire. In this survey, 85 per centum ( 76 respondents ) of the 89 respondents have reported disablement on more than one point on the questionnaire ( Louis et al. , 2001 ) . However, the relationship between disablement and upper limb shudder in both aforesaid surveies was non really clear because other symptoms of multiple induration may besides act upon the degree of independency in day-to-day life accomplishments. A descriptive case-series survey conducted by Heroux and his co-workers ( 2006 ) to 30 participants with indispensable shudder has besides described disablement in relation to upper limb shudder from another dimension. The survey was designed to find the extent of disablement in the survey population by utilizing time-based, standardized steps of upper appendage map ( Heroux et al. , 2006 ) . Significant differences have been determined between the topics with indispensable shudder in comparing to 28 healthy controls in different degrees of all right pinch clasp, gross grasping, object transit, and preciseness arrangement undertakings supplying a better grounds of the impact of upper limb shudder on manus use undertakings. In drumhead, the extent of disablement is high for people with upper limb shudder in conformity to activities of day-to-day life undertakings and manus use undertakings. This may hold a negative impact on quality of life and self esteem of an single and require extreme attending. Therefore, this survey focuses on shudder that occurs on the upper appendage during public presentation of undertakings ( postural and intention shudder ) .SIGNIFICANCE OF UPPER LIMB TREMORThe intervention effects in this survey were observed merely on upper limb postural and purpose shudders based these grounds: The gilded criterion of categorization of shudder is clinical categorization ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Disabling pathological shudders of the upper limb manifested largely by postural and intention shudders ; indispensable shudder syndromes ( postural and intention shudder ) , parkinsonian shudder syndromes ( remainder and postural shudder ) , and cerebellar shudder syndromes ( purpose shudder ) . Handss are the most common site for shudder to attest ( Siresena, 2009 ) . Subsequently, the prevalence of upper limb shudder is presumptively high as indispensable shudder is found to be as one of the most common neurological motion upsets ( Louis, 2005 ) and upper appendage shudder is reported to happen in approximately one tierce of patients holding multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 1999 ) . The act of keeping manus place against gravitation and executing target-directed motions utilizing the custodies are of import in undertaking completion, therefore shudder happening at these phases have a major impact of functional public presentation and leads to disablement in the battle of activity ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) . The findings are extremely of import and relevant to occupational therapy.LITERATURE REVIEWThe intent of this subdivision is to reexamine the primary literature relevant to upper limb shudder. Literature of the bing processs used to cut down shudder, burdening schemes, methods to mensurate shudder, taking to the intent and aims of this systematic reappraisal will be reviewed.OTHER EXISTING PROCEDURESPrimary literature was reviewed to seek for other bing processs normally used to handle upper limb shudder besides burdening schemes. From the hunt, it can be assumed that the major intervention end of upper limb shudder is to minimise functional disablement and better quality of life. Treatment methods available include pharmacotherapy, and surgical processs. In some patients, indispensable shudder can be partly suppressed by medicine. Diagnostic drug intervention is tailored harmonizing to the types of shudder ( Charles et al. , 1999 ) . For illustration, parkinsonian shudder requires the effects of drug from combination of L-dopa and carbidopa to stamp down shudder. On the other manus, indispensable shudder may be relieved by propranolol or Mysoline while isioniazid may be utile in handling cerebellar shudder associated with multiple induration. Similarly, propranolol may command intoxicant backdown shudder while clonazepam may cut down orthostatic shudder. Although drugs may cut down shudder continuity, the effects on shudder is normally impermanent and accompanied by side effects. In a non-randomized, comparative survey of 25 patients who received long-acting propranolol 80-160 mg/day and 25 who received primidone 50-250 milligram at bedtime. Approximately 10 per centum of the patients experienced short-run side effects ( faint and bradycardia ) and 20 per centum of them experienced long-run side effects ( bradycardia, weariness, and erectile disfunction ) that required discontinuance of therapy ( Koller et al. , 1989 ) . Alternatively, surgical methods such as thalamotomy and deep encephalon stimulation are normally considered in terrible instances where primary drug therapy fails to command the happening of shudder ( Chan & A ; Swope, 2003 ) . Thalamotomy is a surgical technique based on theories that lesion in ventralis intermedius karyon of the thalamus will interrupt shudder activity. Thalamotomies are normally performed to one side of the encephalon which is contralateral to the badly affected limb. The efficaciousness of one-sided thalamotomy is high, with more than 80 % of patients sing durable suppression of shudder ( Schuurman et al. , 2000 ) . However, uncomplete lesioning of the ventralis intermedius will ensue in mild residuary shudder or re-emergence of shudder. On the other manus, the most recent surgical attack, deep encephalon stimulation ( DBS ) besides has been proven to successfully relieve shudder without making a lasting lesion as a consequence of thalamotomy ( Della Flora et al. , 2010 ) . However, the disadvantages of both surgical processs are dearly-won and increased potency hazard of redness and infection ( Chan & A ; Swope, 2003 ) .Weight SchemeBurdening schemes is a common method used to stamp down the happening of nonvoluntary tremorogenic conditions of the custodies. The attack has persisted in some rehabilitation scenes since the first clip limb weighting was being introduced to a group of patients with upper limb shudder in early 1960s ( Chase et al. , 1965 ) . Assorted theoretical thoughts have been created to explicate the pertinence of burdening schemes for this population. One of the theories proposed that adding sufficient tonss to a section of the organic structure exerts suppressive control over motor fluctuation ( Schalow et al. , 2005 ) . Harmonizing to dynamic systems theory, motion forms are influenced by undertaking restraints ( e.g. weight of utensils ) and personal features ( e.g. neurophysiological factors ) . It is plausible that the thought of utilizing weights to relieve parkinsonian shudder has persisted because of an feeling that the size of shudder of an object held in the manus may be reduced. The effects of limb weighting are believed to ease co-contraction and stableness of musculuss by increasing proprioceptive input to the cerebellum from the centripetal variety meats of the musculuss and articulations ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . On the other manus, it has besides been hypothesized that the usage of weights on dis tal portion of the limb will suppress the being of shudder due to muscle weariness ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . Common weighting schemes for people with upper limb shudder are weighted wrist turnup and leaden utensils/appliances. Leaden carpus turnup is Weighted utensils is In occupational therapy, compensation techniques are utile to optimise map upon disablement. The commissariats of weights have been supported in old occupational therapy literature ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . In contrast to the theories by Wood and Eames ( 1989 ) , long term usage of leaden AIDSs were found to hold negative effects on the happening of shudder ( Kovich & A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . The remotion of leaden AIDSs will take to hyperbole of shudder due to gradual adjustment of the upper appendage musculuss to the excess weight provided by the weights ( Kovich & A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . Furthermore, the penchant of the type of leaden AIDSs ( wrist turnup and weighted utensils ) has besides been a conflicting issue as the latter 1s are non easy modified and controlled ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . In the state of affairs of persons with upper appendage shudder, the commissariats of leaden AIDSs to the upper appendage have been a common method to handle the job. Leaden carpus turnups which were designed to supply opposition to dorsal surface of the manus have been the most preferable method to cut down shudder ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . Alternatively, ready-made leaden equipments such as leaden utensils are besides commercially available for the same intent.TREMOR MEASUREMENTThe effectivity of a intervention process can be determined by measuring the primary or secondary impacts of shudder to a peculiar individual ( Bain, 1998 ) . Primary consequence refers to direct impact of the intervention process on shudder features such as frequence of shudder and besides the degree of shudder badness while secondary consequence refers to alter in the individual ‘s functional public presentation or life position. Therefore, the usage of a multidimensional attack of nonsubjective and subjective result steps is valuable to measure the effectivity of leaden AIDSs. There are four methods to accomplish the intent of survey which include physiological techniques, subjective clinical steps, nonsubjective functional public presentation trials and impact of shudder on patients ‘ lives ( Bain, 1998 ) . Accelerometry Tremor was recorded in the plane of flexure and extension of the manus with illumination piezoresistive accelerometers, base on balls set DC i? 100 Hz, mounted on the back of the manus between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals with surgical tape. Tremor frequence and magnitude were measured with a Solartron 1220 Signal Processor. On the footing of 1-min samples of shudder a computation was made of the norm of six spectra derived from overlapping samples of shudder within the 1-min period. The spectra ranged from DC 50 Hz with 500 lines of spectral declaration and 90 dubnium dynamic scope. For moderate to terrible shudder, the averaged spectrum has a individual dominant extremum. The magnitude of acceleration at extremum was converted into supplanting arithmetically. For mild indispensable shudder the averaged spectrum typically had important constituents at a wide spread of frequences reflecting its multiple constituent beginnings, as is the instance for normal physiological shudder. This was true for both shudder recorded during undertakings and maintained position. The magnitude of mild indispensable shudder was characterised by the magnitude of the largest constituent nowadays. It should be noted that as tremor badness increased the figure of extremums greater than 50 % of the magnitude of the dominant spectral extremum decreased, be givening towards zero if harmonics were excluded. Accelerometry was performed on each patient during kept up position, when keeping a cup full of H2O and whilst transporting out a tracking undertaking. Volumetric appraisal The patients were required to keep a 100ml cup full of H2O between the pollex and finger with the cubitus supported and flexed by about 20A ° with the forearm in a semi-prone place and somewhat elevated, as if about to raise the cup to imbibe. The cup was made of plastic, weighed 20 g, had a 5 centimeter diameter, was 6 cm deep, and was ab initio full to the lip with H2O. The cup was held for 1 minute after which a measuring was made of the liquid staying in the cup. Volumetric appraisals were made three times for each manus and the agencies of the values for each manus employed in the consequences. Tracking undertaking The patients were tested with joystick trailing of a consecutive mark line which swept horizontally across the center of a 10 centimeter storage CRO screen. The tracking missile was a similar line which had to be maintained in super-imposition on the mark line. Both mark and missile were externally controlled so that they moved abreast at the same speed. The topic was seated in forepart of the CRO at normal sing distance. The control stick was mounted on the arm of the chair and was held between the pollex and fingers of the manus with forearm supported. The control stick control adjusted the perpendicular disparity of the missile so that any unwanted manus motion would do the projectile hint to hover above and below the intended flight. Each test consisted of a 1-minute expanse of the hints across the screen. Tracking mistake was characterised by the integral of the modulus of the distance of the projectile hint from a 1 millimeter deep impersonal zone about the mark. The system was tested on 15 healthy control topics who all produced zero mistake, irrespective of the manus used. In the instance of the patients tracking appraisals were made three times for each manus and the mean of the tonss ( for each manus ) utilized. Spirography The patients were instructed to pull a coiling with each manus in bend, with the pen held in a normal manner. The shudder seeable in a spiral was the independently scored ( from 0-10 ) by three â€Å" blind † raters, with zero bespeaking a normal spiral and ten an highly quavering one. The agency of the three raters ‘ tonss for each patient were used in the consequences, with each manus scored individually.Significance TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPYWhat is a systematic reappraisal? What are the groundss that it is the best solution?AIMS OF STUDYTo analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudder To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudderResearch OBJECTIVESAim 1: To analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudderAims:To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb on shudder frequence To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the degree of badness of shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the functional public presentation of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the quality of life position of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the disablement position of the person with shudder Aim 2: To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudderAim:To compare the results of leaden carpus turnups and weighted utensils following upper limb shudder1.10 RESEARCH QUESTIONSQuestion 1: Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb an effectual method to handle persons with upper limb shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with shudder reduce/increase the upper limb shudder frequence? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with upper limb shudder reduce/increase the degree of badness of shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the functional public presentation of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the quality of life of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the disablement position of the person with shudder? Question 2: Which type of leaden assistance is the most effectiveness to better the results following upper limb shudder? Leaden carpus turnup Weighted utensilsSummaryThis chapter has described the country of focal point of the survey including an account of upper limb shudder, current intervention available, background literature and relevancy to the field of occupational therapy. The research aims and inquiries have been set and initial justification for the methodological analysis of pick explained.

Mars and Venus united By Love essays

Mars and Venus united By Love essays Mars and Venus United by Love by Paolo Veronese is done in the Renaissance style of painting. This is done in this style, because Poalo Veroneses was a Renaissance painter as well as his teacher Titan. The painting takes place in Rome in the Mythological Era. It is not known who commissioned this work. Emperor Rudolf II in Prague owned this piece of artwork as well as four others of Veroneses paintings. Mars is the God of war; and Venus is the Goddess of love.(These are the Roman names for the Greek Gods; which in Greek Venus was called Aphrodite and Mars was actually called Aries.) The theme of this painting has to do with Roman mythology. Cupid is tying Mars and Venus together. There are many different explanations that people have came up with to explain this painting. There is always that tie between love and war, even the saying make love not war. The most common translation would be [Venus, the woman symbolizes chastity transformed by love into charity and that the horse held back by an armed cupid is an emblem of passion restrained](Metropolitan Museum of Art, pg.185) The painting clearly shows Mars and Venus being tied together by a cupid. So I can see why this is the most popular translation of this painting. My personal response was really strong after seeing the painting for the first time. As soon as I saw this painting I knew that it had a deeper meaning to it; and not just some people being tied together by a cupid. I knew right away that it had to do with Roman mythology just from the names. After looking at this painting for a while there is still something that the artist is trying to portray, that is really tough. It feels like there is more going on than what seems. The painting has such a calm tone to it but it gives a little hint of roughness with the sword and the horse, which I think, helps to balance this painting. There is sort of sneakiness to this paint...

Iran's nuclear ambitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Iran's nuclear ambitions - Essay Example In this age of variegated ideological, economic and cultural differences and interests, the renunciation of nuclear weapons may, on the fact of it, sounds utopian. Even the results of so many treaties and meetings on banning nuclear weapons have not yielded encouragement of a considerable amplitude and one inclines to conclude that with the progress made so far in this direction and with sustained efforts to mobilize public opinion against building nuclear stockpiles, renunciation would be an impossible feat. Since 1957 [1], the Iranian nuclear program proved to be a dilemma for the rest of the world. As the 21st century set its pace, Iranian nuclear issue has attracted a substantial attention of the world. There has been a long held world-wide suspicion that the Islamic republic of Iran has been pursuing a nuclear weapon capability over least two decades The last couple of year’s events have strengthened this suspicion. That suspicion is fed by Iran’s impel to obtain all capabilities of nuclear power technology, whether economically corroborated or not [2]. Iran’s strong cadence towards the realization of nuclear technology that would consent Iran to produce highly enriched uranium and nuclear explosives plutonium, is especially worrisome for the rest of the world and particularly United States and its close allies.This fact has been vehemently denied by the Tehran Islamic regime. It asserts that Iran’s nuclear activities and development is for peaceful purposes and not for making nuclear arsenals... Iran has signed multilateral Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) [4] and has agreed to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) supervision, or safeguards, over a host of nuclear activities. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) allows transfers of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes to non-nuclear weapon states. The treaty even facilitates that as long as nuclear facilities are accessible to IAEA inspectors the the production of enriched uranium and separation of plutonium from irradiated reactor fuel is not illegal, while IAEA safeguards main purpose is to provide confidence building measures that peaceful nuclear facilities in non-nuclear states are not exploited for nuclear weapon purposes [5]. On December 18, 2003, Iran went one step ahead when it had signed an additional protocol that allowed IAEA inspectors to access Iranian nuclear R&D locations and military-owned workshops. The IAEA inspectors also conducted interviews to Iranian nuclear program individuals and examined the design and procurement documents. IAEA surveillance system was also installed at Isfahan ____________________________________________________________________________________ [3] "Iran's Resumption of Its Nuclear Program" By Frederic L. Kirgis, The American Society of International Law (ASIL) Insight, dated: August 22, 2005. Available at, http://www.asil.org/insights/2005/08/insights050822.htm [4] Iran had signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on July 1, 1968 during Shah Rule. See "Iran's Nuclear Program Has a Long History" written by Roland Flamini, reference [1]. [5] "Iran, International Law and Nuclear Disarmament", by David Krieger, February 2006. Available at,

How Is Indigenous History and the Current Situation of Indidenous Essay

How Is Indigenous History and the Current Situation of Indidenous Peoples in Victoria Presented at the Melbourne Museum's Bunjil - Essay Example At present, there are six such exhibitions, of which four permanent and two temporary. If you ckeck them out you will find that they deal with a great variety of subjects: history, legislation, rituals and ceremonies, art. The Aborigines have a very troubled history behind them and they still have unsolved issues that do not allow them to fully move forward and face the new times. Throughout time they passed on their artistry, they taught their children their stormy history, they fought for the recognition of their wrights and, generally, they remembered everything that was ever theirs, including the lands they "lost" to the sea, during the Holocene (15,000 to 10,000 years ago). (Singh et al., 2001, p.22) That may be so because for the Aborigines land also provided spiritual strength. (Singh et al., 2001, p.32) Indeed, a people which remembers and preserves its past so vividly deserves to be presented to the large public, because it is the recognition of this public that will help it move on into the future, while at the same time trying to hold on to the past, as well. The Aborigines and their early history Although none of the six exhibitions focuses on the early history of the Aborigines, a minimal knowledge of it could benefit anyone willing to visit the Indigenous exhibitions. ... With only a few carnivorous predators present, the settlers flourished. Some of them lived in a nomadic style, moving for access to water, food and resources. Where they could, the Aborigines made semipermanent dwellings, moving out only during the annual wet season. Very few of them lived by the sea and struggled to make out a living in permanent villages. We know that they used to burn the land in order to renew it, thus being also safe from major fires that appeared naturally in the dry season. It can be said that the Aborigines did not have the conditions to settle down properly and build cities, like other ancients peoples. Generally speaking, for a city to exist you must have a specific social class system, a geographical division into sections with administrative/ military functions, a religious space of some sort. (Levy, 2008, p.8) The Stolen Generations Between 1910-1970 around 100,000 Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families. (Singh et al., 2001, p.26) According to the laws of the time, Indigenous children could be removed from anywhere and at any time, without a court order, as the parents had no legal rights to the children. The purpose appears to have been to take the children, teach them to live like the whites and then turn them into domestics or labourers for the whites. In 1995 there began an inquiry into these matters, which was finalised in May 1997 with schocking results. (Singh et al., 2001, p.26) The report published stories of sexual abuses and excessive physical punishment. Sources say about the stolen children that "Despite claims that it was for their own good, they were not better educated, nor more likely to be employed and not receiving significantly higher incomes than people who were raised in their