Authorial intent free essay sample

In the novel, Montana 1948, composed by Larry Watson, an account of a little fellow named David and the occasions of a disastrous summer occasions are described. Set in the core of North America in the nineteenth century, when Native Americans were viewed as B class residents and mistreatment was unavoidable since the time the Europeans initially showed up on the mainland. David develops in a limited ability to focus the content from naivety to development because of the arrangement of awful occasions he encounters. The homicide and rape of Marie Little Soldier brings out a case where Wes, David’s father and sheriff of the area must re-lecture his decisions as his sibling Frank is to be faulted. The commitment to equity is a reoccurring topic all through the novel notwithstanding maltreatment of intensity, dedication, and, profound quality. The Hayden family including David’s granddad Julian, Julian’s child Frank, and Wes, all convey extraordinary force in the network of Bentrock; with this force they have freewill nearly. Watson utilizes the characters, topics and occasions as dolls to depict to the crowd his authorial goal. A huge topic in Montana 1948 is profound quality which is connected in with reliability too. Wes, David’s father has significant decisions to make between dedication to his sibling, unwaveringness to his better half, reliability to a representative of the family and devotion to the equity framework. ‘Are you revealing to me this in light of the fact that I’m Frank’s sibling? Since I’m your better half? Since I’m Marie’s manager Or on the grounds that I’m the sheriff? ’ These four sides Wes views to take are the ethical predicament. On the off chance that he remains faithful to his sibling, his family, he is doing the ethically right thing. In any case on the off chance that he places his sibling in prison for carrying out the dreadful wrongdoings he did that is likewise the ethical activity. All through this novel Wes truly changes his demeanor towards the wrongdoing and his sibling, from once expressing that he will do nothing to ‘arrange’ Frank’s discipline ‘in this life’ to ‘I needed to capture him’ he ‘has cross paths with the law’ in a significant bigger time period demonstrates to the crowd that Watson thinks settling on moral choices isn't something that is snappy and simple, these significance decisions require some serious energy and profound quality is anything but a game. Wes understands that Frank’s violations exceed the motivations to remain faithful to his sibling. The earnestness of Wes’s tone when he chooses to capture his sibling demonstrates to the perusers what Watson is stating, moral decisions are not something to be played with. Besides, that there are a great deal of crediting elements to somebody settling on the ‘right’ choice and what is directly in the brain of one may likewise not be right or unethical in the psyche of another. Legitimately connected to this is the topic equity. Equity to the amazing framework that Wes works in, the law. As sheriff of Bentrock County, Wes has an obligation to rebuff the individuals who carry out unlawful violations. Julian, Wes’s father treats Frank’s violations as a joke and David sees this ‘Now he’s got himself an attractive white lady for a wife†¦ that better keep him off the reservation’. Julian treats Frank’s events daintily and this sickens David as well as the remainder of the family. Equity would disclose to Wes that Frank’s activities merited discipline consequently, without Justice Frank would not stop ‘That’s not the manner in which it works. You realize that wrongdoings †violations, shouldn't go unpunished. ’ Around this time in any case, America was a serious uncalled for spot to live in. The Sioux were treated as a lower class to the white Americans and their sentiment was not regarded. Accordingly the choice Wes was to make as to rebuff his sibling for rape were not simply founded on the wrongdoing itself; it was likewise founded on the social assessment of people around him. ‘†¦after what I saw as a kid in Bentrock. I would never trust in the standard of law again’ David says this as Bentrock to him represents bad form. The occasions that fell in the late spring of 1948 summarize that law to David is a disappointment and has no force when in the possession of law-handlers themselves. At long last it’s up to the force holder, not the law. This is the thing that Watson is attempting to state. Winning all through the novel is likewise the topic of maltreatment of intensity under the Hayden name. The Hayden family in this story are an imagery for the law. Watson utilizes them to show the readership how the law and equity are continually manhandled and escape clauses are found as routes out to disciplines that ought to be merited. For example, when Wes captures Frank he places him in the storm cellar rather than prison. ‘They can’t capture us, we are the law’ Wes is citing Julian to Gail. This shows the Hayden’s don't regard the law as they use it how they please to get things they need. They can do this in view of their situation in the framework and the network, Wes is the sheriff of Bentrock as this has been passed on from his dad. Julian’s position of intensity as David’s early introduction infers ‘he needed, he required, power’. Watson’s authorial expectation is that on the off chance that you are of high social class, at that point you are practically allowed to do whatever you like, the law is in your grasp since individuals will think anything you state. Not at all like somebody, for example, Marie, being Native American brings people’s capacity down to accept what she says. Montana 1948, composed soon after the World War II period around a period of racial imbalance for the Native Americans incorporates various topics, for example, profound quality, equity and maltreatment of intensity. Watson’s authorial goal is clarified all through the novel by utilizing these topics just as a scope of images. For example, the Hayden family themselves, representing the law.

'In company reporting, the measurement of the amount of impairment of Essay - 1

'In organization revealing, the estimation of the measure of impedance of numerous sorts of advantages is so abstract as to be good for nothing - Essay Example A few resources can't be accounted for just, so the subjectivity emerges from the decision of disability demonstrating and bookkeeping introduction: Like attempting to delineate 3-dimensional circle on a 2-dimensional plane, inescapable mutilations crop up regardless of what approach one takes to introducing the information. However different resources, while equitably declining in esteem, do as such at a rate that is difficult to decide, so any introduction is emotional in light of the fact that it is a decision with respect to what information to incorporate and what not to, what expectation to make. However even this fragmented, abstract picture is a long way from futile for financial specialists, examiners and partners. Resource disability is characterized as, â€Å"An unforeseen or abrupt decrease in the administration utility of a capital resource, for example, a processing plant, property or vehicle. This could be the consequence of physical harm to the benefit, oldness becau se of mechanical advancement, or changes to the legitimate code. Debilitations can be composed off† (InvestorWords, 2011). Resources can decrease for an assortment of reasons. Basic mileage can make a benefit not as much as its normal new or even utilized worth: For instance, a vehicle that worked in troublesome conditions, for example, day off sand could be underneath the normal market an incentive for a vehicle of that age. In this sense, resource devaluation is a subset of benefit disability. Be that as it may, this assurance can be emotional: It requires speculating the expense of the extra harm which could differ from potential purchaser to potential purchaser. Mechanical advancement can make a few articles out of date: Certainly, PCs have oldness and a fantastically high pace of turnover. Yet, envisioning that requires anticipating that Moore's Law should keep working, just as regarding the PC as a bound together resource, yet various pieces of the PC devalue at various rates and bookkeeping gauges are continually changing to mirror that for various hardware (Ward, 2011). A legitimate change could cause a bit of apparatus to get illicit in a specific nation, yet then the advantage could be sold somewhere else, which could require a level of abstract cash expectation and evaluation of liquidation hazard and advantage. This is the reason altruism is perceived as the standard for impedance of numerous benefits, and it is generally acknowledged that there is an incredible level of subjectivity in making this assurance. â€Å"We are confronting another period of financial advancement with a developing essentialness of immaterial resources. Altruism comprises a huge resource for various organizations, particularly those which are working in high innovation enterprises. As per the developing significance of intangibles there has likewise been a noteworthy change in guidelines related with representing goodwill† (Jerman and Manzin, 2006). Specifical ly, utilizing reasonable worth representing generosity and for deciding the requirement for exposures prompts innate subjectivity: â€Å"The reasonable worth might be controlled by utilizing various methodologies, for example, utilizing accessible market costs, present worth procedures, costs for comparative resources and other valuation strategies. Clients of budgetary data ought to consider that market esteems are not generally on removal. Thus reasonable worth evaluations depend on emotional judgment† (Jerman and Manzin, 2006, 222-223). One reason why there is so much subjectivity is on the grounds that financial specialists properly request revelations of

An English Major at the Business Career Fair, Pt. 1

An English Major at the Business Career Fair, Pt. 1 Its my last semester of college, and Im freaking out. And you, dear reader, someday youll be in my shoesâ€"especially if youre hunting for a job after graduation rather than heading off to grad school right away. Ive had a hard time this year  dealing with that little bit of jealousy I feel when people I know land a post-grad summer internship or full-time job, because that means theyre ~on the other side~ of all this. I want to be  like them! I want to be free! And by free, I mean guaranteed a salary and 401K when I leave the hallowed halls of Illinois and  free  to focus on ~the now~ of my schoolwork, internship, undergraduate thesis finally trying a matcha green tea doughnut from Pandamonium. You get the idea. My friends with their lives figured out? Tom Haverford. Me? Leslie Knope. (Gif from Giphy) And Im not trying to freak you out! Im just trying to keep it real. This is a scary/exciting time in my life, but I hope you read my posts and ultimately feel assured. Because someday! Someday soon! There will be a post telling you just how Ive figured things out. But for now, Im heading to the spring Business Career Fair in seriously like five minutes. Its my second Business Career Fair this year, so Im hoping Ill be able to impress some recruiters. Im armed with 25 copies of my resume, a lot of examples of the work Ive created while working as an editorial intern for Admissions, a fancy black pleather portfolio, a pen, some paper for note-taking, and one semi-snazzy lamented name tag (courtesy of the Economics Departmentâ€"thanks, guys!). Ill let you know how it all goes in my next post: An English Major at the Business Career Fair, Pt. 2. Stay tuned! And as always, feel free to comment with any questions! They can be about landing an internship/job as an Illinois student or whatever you like. Maggie Class of 2017 After starting my time at Illinois Undeclared in the Division of General Studies, I’m majoring in English and Economics with a minor in Informatics from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m from the relatively small town of Manhattan, Illinois.

The President and Internet Traffick - 996 Words

Research Paper 2: Do you think it is a good idea for the President of the United States to have the authority to limit or shutdown internet traffic to and from any compromised federal government or U.S. critical infrastructure information system or network? Why or why not? Yes and no. For the general public, I don’t think limiting the internet would be a wise idea. Our country was founded on freedom, and to infringe upon that would cause civil unrest. Frankly, the general public would assume that the government was up to something nefarious, even if they were trying to protect the American interest. ‘Those who would sacrifice freedom for security deserve neither.’ – Benjamin Franklin. However, to limit or monitor the internet in government buildings the way most corporations do, I see no problem with this. That would basically be the same as the IT security protocols that are enforced in corporate America. Our government secrets need to be guarded and protected at all costs. Therefore, any inter- or intranet that can access any government site or network should be monitored. Many countries do limit the internet that their citizens can access. These are the same countries that we in our, public opinion, hold ourselves above because we are more ‘civilized’. Most of these countries are afraid of their citizens, it seems. The internet gives people the ability to connect with each other virtually instantaneously and with people that we may have not met otherwise. In a country

The Victorian Century Woman And A Victorian Woman Essay

What is the difference between a 21st century woman and a Victorian woman? Most women in the 21st century are exhilarating, lively, intelligent, passionate, and full of life, but who is to say that Victorian women were not? It is said that the typical Victorian woman must have â€Å"inherent qualities of femininity [such as:] emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness† (Historical). Most of the Victorian women abode by these social standards and therefore could not speak their true thoughts or emotions. This is because they â€Å"were dominated by their sexuality, and were expected to fall silently into the social mold crafted by men, since they were regarded as irrational, sensitive, and dutiful† (Historical). A famous writer from that era, Charlotte Bronte, defied these social standards by creating characters and explaining, through them, her own thoughts and beliefs. The protagonist, Jane Eyre, was created to exemplify Bronte’s powerful emoti ons that would have been looked down upon in society. In Charlotte Bronte’s Victorian novel, Jane Eyre, Bronte uses constant description of fire to symbolize Jane’s emotions and her thoughts that could not have been expressed aloud. Bronte also uses fire to demonstrate the emotional aspect of Jane’s personal development throughout the novel. Overall, Bronte creates this symbol of fire to defy the social standards of typical and suppressed Victorian women by demonstrating their true passion and exuberant emotions. For oneShow MoreRelated Wilkie Collins’ The Woman In White: 19th Century Victorian femininity exposed through the accounts of multiple narrators1837 Words   |  8 PagesWilkie Collins’ The Woman In White: 19th Century Victorian femininity exposed through the accounts of multiple narrators Readers of nineteenth century British literature imagine typical Victorian women to be flighty, emotionally charged, and fully dependent on the men in their lives. One envisions a corseted woman who is a dutiful wife, pleasant entertainer, and always the model of etiquette. Wilkie Collins acknowledges this stereotype in his novel The Woman in White, but he contradicts thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Virginia Woolf s Woolf Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagestwentieth centuries, women typically only held the following positions: wifehood and motherhood. On the other hand, a man’s job was to obtain a well-rounded education and become the head of the household—the breadwinner (â€Å"Women’s History in America† 1). Having a woman obtain the same level of education as her spouse was not encouraged by Victorian society. In fact, women were still being restricted to a certain level of education (Yuzuncu 18). Virginia Woolf, a prominent twentieth century writer, wasRead MoreThe Representation of Family in Nineteenth Century English Art1338 Words   |  6 PagesNineteenth Century English Art 19th century art gives us a great insight into Victorian society and culture, its hopes, fears, likes, dislikes, its ambitions and failures and its preconceptions and contradictions (The Victorian Web, 2003) . Each picture tells a story and provides us with a great record of Victorian culture and the thoughts and pre-occupations of people throughout the 19th century. The home and the family became the centre of 19th century life and theRead More Defining the Victorian Woman Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesDefining the Victorian Woman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Victorian Age, there existed a certain ideology of what constituted the perfect Victorian woman. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, young girls began attending schools that offered basic skills such as reading, writing, and math. Manuals of etiquette and conduct instructed young girls in manners of society and the home (Basch 3). All of this prepared a young woman for marriage, which, in the nineteenth century, was putRead MoreFemale Sexuality Within Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1689 Words   |  7 PagesEyre sets a strong example of female sexuality in the Victorian era. The title character confronts herself with her feelings for Mr. Rochester and her growing throughout the novel. She eventually finds the courage to embrace herself as she is. Jane’s independent mind and nature contradict the grain of Victorian society. She defies historical notions of female sexuality and Victorian codes and rules on sexuality. Brontà « reimagines the Victorian notion of marriage as she emphasizes Jane’s educationRead MoreVictorian Women: A Human Sacrifice Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesIn herself the woman is nothing. The woman can only justify her presence on the earth by dedicating herself to others; through deliberate self-effacement, duty and sacrifice she will discover the identity and raison d#234;tre of which, by herself, she is deprived (Basch 5). Surrounded by such popular belief, the women of the Victorian age had to surrender their valuable possessions simply to avoid the wrath of the male dominated society. The female characters in A Dollhouse, by Henrik Ibsen,Read MoreThe Victorian And Post World War I1590 Words   |  7 Pagesdichotomy. The division between the two identities of the man and the woman permeated through the Victorian era and developed a template for prospective gender constructs. The Victorian woman, expected to preserve purity and domesticity, was portrayed with a repressed sexuality. Passive characterization supported the duty of child bearing as the female destiny and molded their identities into subordinate ones. At the turn of the 20th century in Great Britain, women began to partake in conventionally maleRead MoreWomens Rights during the Victorian Era1082 Words   |  5 PagesRights during the Victorian Era The Victorian era, spurred a momentary sequence of both women and men in search of a prosperous relationship regulated by the demanding etiquettes of the Victorian Society. If these desired qualities were not in possession, a man or woman could be labeled as ‘unsuitable’ in the positions of a husband or a wife. Women suffered mostly throughout the Victorian Era as rights were ceased and the rules and guidelines of society were placed. The Victorian Era caused the rightsRead MoreThe Story of an African Farm by Olive Schreiner812 Words   |  3 Pagessociety to equal the scope of a mans station. This facet of Schreiners best-known book is the reason that she has become famous as, a feminist who hated being a woman (Showalter, 195), and the reason that African Farm has endured as an early feminist manifesto. Like other novels written by women in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, Schreiners book attempts to expose the precarious position in society in which women of the time found themselves. Schreiner does not have a single character embodyRead MoreRole Of Women During The Victorian Era1664 Words   |  7 Pagesshaped by many movements and time periods. The Victorian Period had a huge impact on many aspects in British literature and culture. The roles of women were greatly affected during this time period. The question of what women could (or should) do attracted a lot of debate in the Victorian era. There are numerous characteristics about The Victorian Period, one of them being the transformation of Britain. From the1830’s to the 1870’s, as seen in Victorian Literature, Britain underwent changes that transformed

Globalization Prosperity or Poverty Free Essays

Globalization is a word that has recently become a commonplace in two different ways. Firstly globalization inspires visions of global village, a place where by all citizen of the world is linked together with high technology system. On the other hand, globalization is the one of the consequence that local factory closed down and re-open at another corner of the world where the country with cheap labor and weaker environmental law. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization: Prosperity or Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Globalization as it exists today is not fully understood and impacts are unclear.It is because globalization has wide variety of combinations that affecting every aspect of life. In this report aims to explore world issues to analyze two statements: prosperity and poverty. Throughout this report many of the issues that will be examined by four important issues which influence prosperity and poverty in farther chapters; Economical, Technological, Political and Cultural Globalization. Economic Globalization Changing Economies In the past, a company tended to be identified with one particular country.For example Toyota started with their ownership, production and their market were primarily located in Japan. Today in the globalized world, growing number of huge companies including Toyota, are Multi National or Transnational in nature. Since they have integrated operations across the world. They maximized their work. The economist Karl Marx’s quotes â€Å"The working men have no country† (Marx, 2002, Pg. 17) pretty much make sense of this. According to Fortune magazine publishes a list of the Global 500, which contains the 500 largest companies in the world based on their annual revenues.For example, In 2008 Toyota’s revenue of USD 230 billion is comparable to the size of the entire economy of Bangladesh’s GDP of USD 224 billion with 156 million population. (CNN, n. d. and CIA, n. d. ) As we can see the number of GDP in the process of globalization, the wealthy is based on own stability. The gap between rich who move their production and capital, seek markets everywhere in the world that benefit the company. Those own stability comes from competitiveness in Knowledge Economy (K-Economy) based on technology. Those who can expend and apply new knowledge and defined trends early, and quickly create competitive advantages that produce much greater global wealth which will leads higher standard of living. World Trade and Income Inequalities In 2003 statistics (Norton, 2007) stated that, the richest fifth of the world’s population received 85% of the total world income, while poorest fifth received just 1. 4% of global income. The wealthy countries has high percentage of open trade and investment. Which reduced the bargaining power of unskilled workers to gain the lower wages and increased inequalities between wealthy and poverty countries.For example in the United States, there is rising income inequality due to increased of population migration. On many occasions for those migrants legally or illegally, they order to find jobs and improve their standard of living. However decreasing number of job opportunities for less-skilled native citizens of the United States. In addition, corruption of Cameroon is part of increasing in the country income inequalities due to poor governance, poor finance administrations and tax evasion and exemptions that disproportionately connected to wealthy population groups. (Harford, 2006)Technological Globalization Impacts of Innovation and Technology The technological globalization has been always produced revolutions in the way in which people live. Today we are more referring primary to communications. This has occurred because of non-stop growth of communications revolutions as well as computer technology in the past few decades. The impact of this technological revolution affects everyone of the world almost every single seconds. We are able to communicate with much of the world, by phone and the Internet instantly and cheaply. By the technology many of factories’ manpower are multiplied many times by the use of external power or machinery sources. It can increase lack of job opportunities for low skilled labors in wealthy countries due to substitutes technology progress and cheap skilled labors in poor countries and also, evolve on communication tools many of wealthy countries are more willing to do outsourcing because technology is so widely available and increasingly inexpensive. (Harford, 2008) Technology Transfer in Low-Income CountriesIn a globalized world, the poorest countries should gain most from new technology and infrastructure. Globalization has huge improved access of technology easily, introduce latecomers to advanced technologies and to the extent that technological up-grading, it provides a unique opportunity for low-income countries to raise per capita income. To raise the benefits reaped from technology, governments might need to make additional efforts towards the Foreign Direct I nvestment (FDI), an effective international economic system that major contribution for country development.FDI is basically dominated by the small number of producers and each one of small business can influence prices and affect competitors. The FDI is affecting everything on economics that it exists everywhere where by related to trade barriers, in part to avoid the uncertainties in supplies, and with external market. For example in Malaysia, multinational companies such as Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Intel Corporation are transferred certain degree of technology and also the skill of management to Malaysians.But the other hand, companies such as Mitsubishi and Acer, they only transferred the manufacturing techniques, all RD and Marketing are left behind in their home countries which are Japan and Taiwan. (Guerrieri, 2001) Dr. Mahathir states that the bottom line is that no country in the world would want to reveal away their trade secret and transfer on the latest technology because they are also in the survival and global competition. Poor countries should have to be smart instead of quarreling amongst themselves on rights and policies. (chedetblog, 2009) Political GlobalizationNeo-Liberalism affect on Poverty and Prosperity As the world’s countries become more independent technologically and economically all countries are adopting similar regulations and opened their economy to the world. For example, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) linking powerful economic and political co-operation with Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. The ASEAN meant that many countries cut government expenditures, reduce economic regulation, privatized government operation among countries and opened their economies to the world.I feel that neo-liberalism which gets rid of trade and other barriers allow less wealthy countries to speed their transitions towards maturity. However globalization is designed to help transnational companies by allowing them to move their production to less developed countries that have cheap, unregulated labor and low standard. For opponents of neo-liberalism is no more excuse for sweatshops and high profits. And also the number of homeless people in neo-liberalism countries has grown. The country such as the Unites States under previous President George W.Bush had faced challenges as a result of the terrorist attack on September 11th 2001. There was huge damage to the US economy. Worst affected was air travel industry and laid off many thousand of employees, and called for billions of dollars of aid from government to help them survive. (James, 2008) I think government who truly believe in allowing the industry to work would not provide support by rescue packages. Alternative is that competition within the reduced scope of industry to decide some companies would disappear or merge. Figure 1.The United States: Domestic Airline Passenger Revenue – Miles http://static. seekingalpha. com/uploads/2009/2/12/saupload_airlines_6. jpg Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and Exclusion The world’s poorest countries are always encouraged to borrow from World Bank (WB) or International Monetary Fund (IMF). The idea is that wealthy countries would invest in projects that could produce an economic return sufficient to repay the loans.As Dr. Mahathir state that the idea would not be happen without education of people and stability of government. Mahathir, 2008) Therefore, a group of 40 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) today got a huge amount of debt and annual interest that they can not afford to pay back. (The World Bank, 2009) UK-based Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) named Jubilee Debt Campaign which working for 100% cancellation of un-payable debt for poor countries of those, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and more African countries. (The Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2009) Figure 2. Literacy Rate Source: UN Human Development Report 2008 Africa is poor partly because of the poor development in the country.The country or government does not know how to gather income from foreigners. India and China were used to be poor, but they were trying to attract themselves in more foreign investors. However, NGO might mismanaged the way of supporting Africa. Cultural Globalization Wrong Culture at the Wrong Place The strong economic freedom and money orientation which characterize the wealthy country’s model it is simply because they are backed by a relatively well educated mass and an effective law enforcement and judicial system. Geoffrey, 2004) However, WB or IMF recommend to adopt this culture to less fortune countries, chances of economic will be failed. To go the wealthy way will be good for minority who knows how to take advantage of economic freedom. Which means the wealthy way of democracy and market economy is rarely the right solution in less wealthy countries because of the strength of communitarian values and needs of maintain cultural identification. As Harford says, most of governments in Africa are not working very well.The only hope is to make work to preserve national culture while developing the economy, and this is possible only through educating the masses and making the right collective decisions. (Harford, 2006) In the globalized world, wealthy countries should understand what that balance is collective decision, which varies by time and place. Conclusion: Alternative to the Future No matter how much money we give to less prosper countries it’s might only enough to cover all their medications or food cost and does little to help in the progress of their infrastructures.I found out in this report money is ine ffective without understanding to use them. When a country is undeveloped the government should responsible to bring better life to their people, after World War II Japan was one of high poverty country which lacking of human, technical and mainly lack of natural resources. Along the way Japan improved education, technology and infrastructure. Just like what India and China is doing today. Dr. Mahathir said, the Western way of democracy and market economy is rarely the right solution in East Asia because of the strength of communication values and the need to maintain many of cultural identification. (Abdullah, 2008)I believe the homeless person in the Western countries have more freedoms, wealth and more opportunities than those majority in the hard-core poor countries. Perhaps those in the Western countries wish not to be aware of how difficult life is in the poor world. We are in danger of becoming selfish, uncaring and overly materialistic in globalization era. Another findings are most of people in undeveloped countries are tend to think that a country can develop under the guidance of international organizations such as WB and IMF, but this is not correct.Those help from global institution might be effective but they cannot guide each one of less fortune countries’ economy for long-term. In the short run, undeveloped countries should look into economic development internally. People must be educated and the government must be made to work. But it does not mean by going to the Western way, which emphasizes individualism and profit orientation. (Harford, 2006) The real question in this report was that how to make globalization consistent with the institutional as well as the manpower requirements necessary for increased productivity in less developed countries. As a result an American journalist Thomas Friedman suggest that globalization worked well in a world where by majority of countries opened up in a similar functions to be flattened into more open model. (Friedman, 2007) In the end, the wealth has not been evenly spread, but it is slowly improve, because India and China have done most of the difficult parts. All people have real choices, in the globalization era more choices mean something better quality of life for each of global citizens. How to cite Globalization: Prosperity or Poverty, Papers

Work Motivation Essay Example

Work Motivation Essay Work Motivation Theory and Research at The Dawn Of The Twenty-First Century Based on this journal, the writers examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person environment fit. They focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. The writers reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. Miner (2003) concluded that motivation continues to hold a significant position in the eyes of scholars. Miner’s conclusion is based on a comparison with other middle range theories of organizational behavior (OB). The question remains on an absolute standard, motivation theory and research have fared well over the last quarter of a century. In answering this question, we provide a definition of the construct and an assessment of how the field of motivation in the workplace has evolved and progressed since the year in which the last chapter devoted exclusively to this topic appeared in the Annual Review of Psychology (ARP). We selectively review theory and research, emphasizing work published in the past decade, 1993–2003, with special emphasis given to research on contextual effects and mediating mechanisms. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Motivation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Work Motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Work Motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behavior and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder 1998). where motivation is a process resulting from the interaction between the individual and the environment. However, because of space limitations, the writers just focus on national culture, job design characteristics, and person-environment fit, omitting reviews of other exogenous sources of motivation. MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK The framework used in reviewing the literature is consistent with Locke Henne(1986). Needs is followed by a focus on (b) personal traits. An individual difference variable rooted in needs is (c) values. Because context affects the extent to which needs are met and values are fulfilled, emphasis is given to (d) national culture, (e) job design characteristics, and (f) person context fit. Needs and values affect (g) cognition, particularly goals. Cognition plays an integral role in each of these concepts. Although (h) affective reactions need not depend on cognition (Bandura 1997), the two usually are reciprocally related (Lord Kanfer 2002). Finally, affect is influenced by culture as well as by organizational norms (Lord Harvey 2002). We close with an (i) assessment of progress in the field since 1977. NEEDS Aslam et al. (2000) presented a process-based analysis of need structure and need salience derived from the social identity approach to organizational behavior. When personal identity is salient, needs to self- actualize and to enhance self esteem through personal advancement and growth become dominant. When social identity is salient, the need to enhance group based self-esteem through a sense of relatedness, respect, peer recognition, and attainment of group goals dominate. They stated that McGregor’s (1960) Theory Y assumptions apply when the supervisor and employee share the same identity; Theory X assumptions apply when they do not do so. 2 People are motivated to attain goals that are compatible with their self-identity. Needs associated with a specific group membership are internalized; they serve as a guide for behavior in a specific working context. Need-based theories explain why a person must act; they do not explain why specific actions are chosen in specific situations to obtain specific outcomes. Moreover, they do not easily account for individual differences. Hence, along with increased attention to needs, there has also been a resurgence of interest in individual differences, particularly with regard to the effects of job characteristics on employee motivation. TRAITS In summary, the importance of personality in predicting, understanding, and influencing choice, affect, and performance has been shown, as well as the importance of job characteristics (e. g. , autonomy) as a mediator/moderator. An issue identified by Locke Latham (2004) that has yet to be addressed is how general variables such as personality are applied to and are mediated by task and situationally specific variables in affecting performance, or how they are moderated by situations and affect situational structuring and choice. Locke (2001) showed that values and personality work through goals and self-efficacy to influence performance. Yet it is likely that some trait effects are direct and thus are not mediated. Research is needed on if, when, and why this occurs VALUES Values are rooted in needs and provide a principal basis for goals (Locke Henne 1986). Locke Henne (1986) argued that values are inherent in most work moti- vation theories. These theories focus on the influence of one or several particu- lar values, such as perceptions of fairness on action or on the effects of values in general (expectancy theory). CONTEXT As a result of globalization, however, values have been studied within the context of a person’s culture and job as well as person-environment fit. National Culture In an attempt to tie together needs and values, Steers Sanchez-Runde (2002) stated that national culture determines three key sets of distal sources of motivation: (a) people’s self-concept, including personal beliefs, needs, and values; (b) norms about work ethic and the nature of â€Å"achievement,† tolerance for ambiguity, locus of control, etc. ; and (c) â€Å"environmental factors†. Based on their conceptual model, the authors concluded that these distal factors influence self-efficacy beliefs, work motivation levels, and goals, as well as the nature of incentives and disincentives to perform. Building on research findings of other scholars, Leung (2001) has offered four hypotheses for further research: (a) work teams in collectivistic cultures have higher levels of unconditional benevolence and positive social identity that, in turn, lead to higher levels of in-group involvement than is the case for groups that value ndividualism; (b) productivity and performance levels are more homogenous (not necessarily higher or lower) in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures; (c) motivational strategies by superiors have more effect on subordinates in cultures with high levels of power distance than in cultures low in power distance; and (d) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among workers than is the case in low power-distance cultures. Job Design Characteristics Gustafson Mumford (1995) reported that the ability of personality measures to predict performance as well as satisfaction increases when characteristics of a job are taken into account. Job autonomy can facilitate the time necessary for learning and development, which in turn improves job performance (Wall Jackson 1995). Cordery (1997) argued the necessity of differentiating the importance of three dimensions of job autonomy, namely (a) method control as defined by the amount of discretion one has over the way in which work is performed, (b) timing control in terms of the influence one has over scheduling of work, and (c) discretion in setting performance goals. He found four interrelated dimensions that affect job autonomy, namely the extent to which the supervisor (a) provides clear attainable goals, (b) exerts control over work activities, (c) ensures that the requisite resources are available, and (d) gives timely accurate feedback on progress toward goal attainment. PERSON CONTEXT-FIT The basic assumption underlying these models is that the relationship between person variables (such as needs or values) and both individual and organizational outcomes is contingent upon various features of the environment (such as the job, the organization, or culture). These models originated from Shaffers (1953). He used Murray’s (1938) needs to develop a goodness-of-fit model that takes into account individual differences in needs as well as the characteristics of jobs. Cable ; DeRue (2002), through a confirmatory factor analysis, found that employees differentiate among three varieties of fit: (a) person-environment fit (in which the focus is on organizational outcomes such as organizational identification and turnover decisions); (b) â€Å"needs-supplies† fit (in which the primary focus is on career-related outcomes such as employee satisfaction) and (c) job demands–employee abilities fit. COGNITION As Locke ; Henne (1986) observed, cognition is inherent in motivation. The sensations of pleasure and pain are informational. Based on needs, values, and the situational context, people set goals and strategize ways to attain them. Goal-Setting Theory A meta-analysis by Zetik ; Stuhlmacher (2002) revealed that negotiators who have specific, challenging, and conflicting goals consistently achieve higher profits than those with no goals. Consistent with goal-setting theory, the higher the goal, the higher the outcome. No effect was found for participation in setting goals. Contextual Conditions Seijts ; Latham (2000b) examined the applicability of goal-setting principles when personal goals are potentially incompatible with those of the group. They found that social dilemmas are boundary conditions for the usual positive effects of goal setting. Self-enhancing personal goals have a detrimental effect on a group’s performance. Audia et al. (2000) found that past success increased strategic decision makers’ satisfaction, and satisfaction led them to increase their past strategies. Higher satisfaction was associated with higher self-efficacy and higher performance goals that increased dysfunctional persistence subsequent to a radical change in the environment. Implementation Intentions and Auto-Motive Goals Gollwitzer (1999) found that goal intentions that are accompanied by implementation intentions on tasks that are complex for people lead to a higher rate of goal attainment than do goal intentions only. An implementation intention is a mental link that is created between a specific future situation and the intended goal-directed response. Thus, it is subordinate to goal intention. Implementation intentions specify when, where, and how behavior is likely to lead to goal attainment. By forming implementation intentions, people strategically switch from conscious effortful control of their goal-directed behavior to being automatically controlled by situational cues. Bargh ; Ferguson (2000) summarized research findings that show that automatic or nonconscious goals produce the same outcomes as conscious goal pursuit in information processing, memory storage, social behavior, and task performance, as well as in self efficacy, self evaluation, and mood state. Feedback Ashford et al. (2003) stated that the processing of feedback likely involves monitoring the environment in an automatic preconscious fashion through visual, auditory, and relational cues. In their enumerative review, Ashford ; Black (1996) also suggested three primary motives for feedback seeking: instrumental to attain a goal and perform well, ego-based to defend or enhance one’s ego, and image-based to protect or enhance the impression others have of oneself. Self-Regulation Goal setting and feedback seeking in relation to goals are the core of self-regulation (Latham ; Locke 1991). Self-regulatory processes supporting goal implementation were examined by Gollwitzer ; Bayer (1999). They offered a time perspective on goal striving and self-regulatory processes as mediating the effects of intentions on behavior. The latter consists of four phases: predecisional (choosing among competing wishes, based on expected value); preactional (forming implementation intentions in the service of the goal intention); actional (bringing goal direct actions to a successful end); and postactional (evaluation as to whether further action is necessary) Expectancy Theory After reviewing the literature, Ambrose ; Kulik (1999) concluded that little or no advances have been made in expectancy theory research in the past decade. Ambrose ; Kulik concluded that there are few theoretical or applied reasons for additional research on the application of this theory to organizational behavior Social Cognitive Theory SCT research shows empirically that the effect of environmental antecedents and consequences are mediated by cognitive variables. SCT emphasizes dual control systems in the self-regulation of motivation, namely a proactive discrepancy production system that works in concert with a reactive discrepancy reduction system (Bandura 2001). Thus, people are motivated by the foresight of goals, not just the hindsight of shortfalls. A specific high goal creates negative discrepancies to be mastered. Effort and resources are mobilized based on anticipatory estimates of what is necessary for goal attainment. AFFECT/EMOTION Mowday ; Sutton (1993) argued against an overemphasis on cognition in the study of motivation. This is because moods and emotions influence the attainment of complex long-term goals (Lord ; Kanfer 2002) and are interrelated with the other constructs we have discussed. Erez ; Isen (2002) showed that people with higher levels of positive affect exhibited higher levels of persistence, effort, self-reported motivation, and performance on two different tasks. Positive affect was associated with higher levels of valence and expectancy beliefs at these tasks as well as higher levels of instrumentality beliefs at one of them. Organizational Justice A significant body of research on work motivation that has appeared since Korman et al. ’s 1977 review is conceptualizations of organizational justice (Greenberg 1987). These studies, based on sociolegal research of disputants’ reactions to a conflict resolution, supplement Adam’s equity theory, the fundamental idea of which is that individuals develop beliefs about the inputs they provide in their employment relationship as well as about the outcomes they receive in return, and they form attitudes about the ratio between inputs and outcomes in relation to the corresponding ratios they perceive among comparison others. The premise of organizational justice is that fair procedures enhance employee acceptance of organizational outcomes. second premise, namely that in addition to being fair, leaders must be perceived as fair with regard to outcomes and processes that serve an important psychological need (Greenberg 1990). CONCLUSIONS First, three theories dominate the motivation literature: goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice. Second, whereas theory and research in the third quarter of the twentieth century focused almost exclusively on cognition (Latham ; Budworth 2004), this is no longer true. Third, the ability to predict, understand, and influence motivation in the workplace has increased significantly as a result of the attention that has been given to all rather than only a few aspects of an employee’s motivation. Fourth, whereas the dependent variables historically studied were limited to traditional measures of job performance and satisfaction, today’s dependent variables range from citizenship to counterproductive behavior. Fifth, Cronbach’s (1957) plea a half century ago for experimental and correlational psychology to combine forces has been heeded. Sixth, the importance of context to motivation has been recognized much more in recent years than in the past; so much so that an additional chapter could be devoted to it. Seventh, these advances in the study of motivation may reflect the fact that this subject is no longer restricted to the research findings of North Americans. Eighth, behavioral scientists in the latter half of the twentieth century responded positively to William James’ exhortation to systematically study consciousness. Ninth, the antagonisms among theorists that existed throughout much of the twentieth century have either disappeared or have been minimized. Tenth, the nomological nets related to work motivation constructs are thicker and tighter than ever before, but the size of the aggregate net (metaphorically speaking) is not growing at a rate commensurate with the energy that scholars and practitioners have invested since 1977. Accordingly, Steers (2001) recently recognized the limitations of current theory and research in work motivation, and issued a call for groundbreaking papers for publication in a special edition of the Academy of Management Review in 2004. It is too soon to assess whether any of the papers published in response to his call will

Example of Confidence Interval for Variance

Example of Confidence Interval for Variance The population variance gives an indication of how to spread out a data set is. Unfortunately, it is typically impossible to know exactly what this population parameter is. To compensate for our lack of knowledge, we use a topic from inferential statistics called confidence intervals. We will see an example of how to calculate a confidence interval for a population variance.​ Confidence Interval Formula   The formula for the (1 - ÃŽ ±) confidence interval about the population variance. Is given by the following string of inequalities: [ (n - 1)s2] / B ÏÆ'2 [ (n - 1)s2] / A. Here n is the sample size, s2 is the sample variance. The number A is the point of the chi-square distribution with n -1 degrees of freedom at which exactly ÃŽ ±/2 of the area under the curve is to the left of A. In a similar way, the number B is the point of the same chi-square distribution with exactly ÃŽ ±/2of the area under the curve to the right of B. Preliminaries We begin with a data set with 10 values. This set of data values was obtained by a simple random sample: 97, 75, 124, 106, 120, 131, 94, 97,96, 102 Some exploratory data analysis would be needed to show that there are no outliers. By constructing a stem and leaf plot we see that this data is likely from a distribution that is approximately normally distributed. This means that we can proceed with finding a 95% confidence interval for the population variance. Sample Variance We need to estimate the population variance with the sample variance, denoted by s2. So we begin by calculating this statistic. Essentially we are averaging the sum of the squared deviations from the mean. However, rather than dividing this sum by n we divide it by n - 1. We find that the sample mean is 104.2. Using this, we have the sum of squared deviations from the mean given by: (97 – 104.2)2 (75 – 104.3)2 . . . (96 – 104.2)2 (102 – 104.2)2 2495.6 We divide this sum by 10 – 1 9 to obtain a sample variance of 277. Chi-Square Distribution We now turn to our chi-square distribution. Since we have 10 data values, we have 9 degrees of freedom. Since we want the middle 95% of our distribution, we need 2.5% in each of the two tails. We consult a chi-square table or software and see that the table values of 2.7004 and 19.023 enclose 95% of the distribution’s area. These numbers are A and B, respectively. We now have everything that we need, and we are ready to assemble our confidence interval. The formula for the left endpoint is [ (n - 1)s2] / B. This means that our left endpoint is: (9 x 277)/19.023 133 The right endpoint is found by replacing B with A: (9 x 277)/2.7004 923 And so we are 95% confident that the population variance lies between 133 and 923. Population Standard Deviation Of course, since the standard deviation is the square root of the variance, this method could be used to construct a confidence interval for the population standard deviation. All that we would need to do is to take square roots of the endpoints. The result would be a 95% confidence interval for the standard deviation.

Dark Quotes About Life from Oscar Winner American Beauty

Dark Quotes About Life from Oscar Winner 'American Beauty' In the cult film American Beauty, no one is who they seem. The movie touches upon dysfunctional families, which may look picture-perfect on the outside.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹American Beauty is a dark satire- a profoundly complex, yet brilliantly executed movie that tells you a tale you didnt want to hear.  It is a thought-provoking, incisive movie with a message that each family is special in its own way.​ Review the main characters and read a compilation of some of the best lines from this classic 90s movie. The Main Characters Lester Burnham  is a middle-aged non-achiever- a father with a boring career. His deadpan voiceover as the narrator communicates his lack of enthusiasm. For him, life is nothing but a series of repetitive, boring menial tasks. Beneath his patient and subservient exterior lies a frustrated man, hungry for love and recognition.Carolyn Burnham is  Lester Burnhams obnoxious and overbearing wife. Carolyn is also a character with many colors. She obsesses over every detail, often overriding her familys views to suit her whims. She is driven and capable of going to extremes to achieve her ends, but beneath her abrasive surface lies a person who is frustrated, fearful and sexually bored.  Jane Burnham,  the teenage daughter of Lester and Carolyn, suffers from an inferiority complex. She is frustrated, insecure, and depressed. She is ashamed of her parents  and is disturbed by their incessant quarrels and selfish pursuits. Jane can’t stand it when her dad lusts after her best friend Angela.Angela Hayes, who visits the Burnham family, is not without flaws. Beneath her gorgeous looks and mellifluous voice, she is a narcissist, obsessed with her looks and her desirability quotient with men. She has no qualms about the fact that her best friends father is lusting for her, and she seduces him further. Her overtly sexual aura is a facade to hide the deeply cracked insecure disaster within. Lester Quotes My name is Lester Burnham. This is my neighborhood; this is my street; this is my life. I am 42 years old; in less than a year I will be dead.   Our marriage is just for show. A commercial for how normal we are when were anything but. Both my wife and daughter think Im this gigantic loser. I didnt lose my job. Its not like Whoops! Where did my job go? I quit. Remember those posters that said, Today is the first day of the rest of your life? Well, thats true with every day except one: the day that you die. I feel like Ive been in a coma for the past twenty years. And Im just now waking up. This isnt life, its just stuff. And its become more important to you than living. Well, honey, thats just nuts. Carolyn Quotes Dont you mess with me, mister, or Ill divorce you so fast itll make your head spin! There happens to be a lot about me that you dont know, Mr. Smarty Man. Theres plenty of joy in my life. Well, I see youre smoking pot now. I think using psychotropic drugs is a very positive example to set for our daughter. Oh, you dont complain? Then I must be psychotic, then! What is this? Yeah, lets bring in the laugh-meter and see how loud it gets. Jane Quotes And well always be freaks and well never be like other people, and youll never be a freak because youre just too... perfect! I know you think my dads harmless, but youre wrong. Angela Quotes I dont think that theres anything worse than being ordinary. Everything thats meant to happen does. You want to have, like, ten thousand of his babies. Quotes by Other Characters My dad thinks I paid for all this with catering jobs. Never underestimate the power of denial. – Rocky Fitts Shes not your friend. Shes just someone you use to feel better about yourself. – Ricky Fitts But it helps me remember... I need to remember... Sometimes theres so much beauty in the world, I feel like I cant take it, and my heart is just going to cave in. – Ricky Fitts In order to be successful, one must project an image of success at all times. – Buddy Kane

Romanesque Architecture and Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Romanesque Architecture and Theology - Essay Example Jackson further explained that the church embraced the Romanesque architecture to a great deal, and the clergy afterward started to conduct schools using the arts where students could be taught the philosophy, theology, and meanings of letters mostly using the creativity of the Roman art. Â  Jackson explains that the Romanesque architecture was very influential to the Christian theology in that, in the 11th and the 12th centuries, all the major churches and monarchs could only be constructed using the laid down specifications that borrowed heavily from the architecture2. The art was embraced so that all the religious arts could offer easily recognizable buildings through the severity and restraint of the ornamentation used and in fact, as Jackson explains, the art and ornamentation were confined to the hands of the clerics who extensively used the art in the monastic architecture. It would, therefore, follow that; the use of the art in the monastic construction could only have a specific symbolism that the art conveyed to the early believers3. Stalley further explains that the Romanesque architecture to a large extent, although used for ornamentation and construction played a vital role in preserving the memories of saints and martyrs for commemoration by the faithfu l4. Therefore, by being used in the teaching of philosophy and theology as well as representation of the mystery and doctrine of the church, the Romanesque architecture became very vital in transforming and influencing the theology of the day in the medieval church. Â  

Answer the question 7 and 10 on the case study Essay

Answer the question 7 and 10 on the case study - Essay Example At present, it can be said that they are following an autocratic style of working at Cedar Tech. Research & Understanding of Group Decision Making: Group decision making is thought to be better than individual decision making in the sense that it is generally thought that two heads are better than one. Group decisions are more comprehensive, there is more input involved in the decision making process and heterogeneity and diversity in the decision can be expected. The above approaches can be used to ensure that the groups perform effectively. The work groups can be made by employing various techniques. For example groups of 2-4 can be made within a department and collective target should be assigned to that group. The individual roles & responsibilities of the group members should be assigned according to the individual strengths and capabilities of the individuals. This would also match the current culture of Ceder Tech which is already defined to be task oriented. The group discussions are criticized as a decision making means because of their inefficiency. However, if the following twelve steps to make group meetings effective are followed, groups can be highly productive: Current Conditions: At present decision making seems to be on a day to day, ad hoc basis and there is no as such strategic planning process involved. The President & CEO is expediting an extremer level of control, even in daily, operational decision making. There is no delegation. The managers need to be given authority to make decisions. Goal(s) The management goals are to motivate their employees including the mangers to support them in future. Without empowerment, the management is not satisfied. In order words to achieve this goal, the managers need to be given authority. It is proposed that only in circumstances where decisions are of a confidential and strategic nature, decision making has to be taken at the top level Vice Presidents, CEO and Directors will make the decision. In cases where a single individual (at a higher level) has

Clinical Reasoning And Decision Making In Nursing Nursing Essay

Clinical Reasoning And Decision Making In Nursing Nursing Essay All nurses use clinical judgement to make decisions while caring for patients. These decisions have an effect on the actions of the healthcare professional and the delivery of health care the patient receives Jones and Beck (1996). Its the nurses responsibility to make clinical decisions based on their learnt knowledge and skills. Simple decisions such as, would a bed pan or commode be more appropriate? To making quick, on the spot decisions, such as what steps to take if a patient began to rapidly deteriorate. Nurses rely on sound decision making skills to maintain positive outcomes and up to date care. Orme and Maggs (1993) identified that decision-making is an essential and integral aspect of clinical practice. Nurses are accountable for their decisions, therefore it is crucial that they are aware of how they make these decisions Muir (2004). This essay will discuss two decision making models, factors that may improve or interfere with clinical reasoning and decision making in pat ient centred care and how they vary across the different fields of nursing. The decision making models that will be discussed are Risk Analysis and Evidence Based. Risk assessment plays a major part in the process of supporting patients and it greatly helps to maintain safety in hospital settings. Its main purpose is not only to identify potential risks but also remove and prevent them. Assessment is considered to be the first step in the process of individualised nursing care Neno and Price (2008). Risk analysis provides information that is vital in developing a plan of action that can help improve personal health. It has the potential to decrease the severity of chronic conditions, helping the individual to gain control over their health through self-care RCN (2004). Not only is risk analysis for the patients safety but its also there to ensure staff safety Kavaler and Spiegel (2003). It is imperative that nurses use suitable risk assessment tools as a guide to enable them to make effective decisions. Once the tool has been implemented, using the gathered information and using their own clinical judgement, the nurse will then be able to provi de the right safety precautions for patients Holme (2009). There are many different types of risk assessment tools available for patients and staff within the clinical setting. For patients there is the Waterlow score risk of pressure sores and ulcers, the MUST tool Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, FRAT Falls Risk Assessment Tool and Pain Assessment Tools are only to name a few and they are commonly used in clinical practice. Staff have Infection Control Assessments and Discharge Risk Assessments only to name a couple but they should be kept up to date and reassessed regularly Daniels (2004). The pressure ulcer risk assessment/prevention policy tool, is frequently used in clinical practice. Pressure risk-assessment tools have been described as the backbone of any prevention and treatment policy Waterlow(1991). The Department of Health set annual targets for an overall reduction of pressure ulcers by 5-10% over 1 year (DoH, 1993), so it is vital that nurses accurately determine which patients are at risk of developing pressure ulcers. A pressure ulcer is an area of localised damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear, friction or a combination of these EPUAP (1998). The intention of the Waterlow pressure sore risk assessment is to recognise service users who are highly at risk of developing pressure sores, to avoid them becoming worse and/or even developing them at all, to serve as an early predictive index before the development of pressure damage Nixon and McGough ( 2001). It is imperative that patients are assessed using this tool, especially patients with Intrinsic risk factors such as restricted mobility and /or are confined to their bed for long periods of time, patients with poor nutrition, elderly patients, patients with underlying health conditions such as diabetes and patients who are urinary incontinent and bowel incontinent are also highly at risk of developing pressure sores, this due to the moisture, moist skin can be weak and susceptible to breakdown Andrychuk (1998). Accordi ng to the NICE clinical guideline 29 (2005) pressure ulcer grades should be recorded using the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Classification System. There are four stages that pressure ulcers are graded at and it is down to the nurses own clinical judgement to decide what stage the ulcer is. Depending on the grade of the pressure sore, it will depend on the type of mattress that will be needed. There are factors to be considered before selecting a mattress for the patient which include, making sure the mattress does not elevate the patient to an unsafe height and to ensure the patient is within the recommended weight range for the mattress NICE (2005). Using their learnt skills, experiences and own clinical knowledge, nurses have to decide what dressings should be used in the treatment of pressure ulcers. They have to take into consideration the grade of the sore, any manufacturers indications for use and contraindications, previous positive effects of certain dressing and preference for comfort or lifestyle reasons Bouza et al (2005). Specially designed dressings and bandages can be used to speed up the healing process and help protect pressure sores such as hydrocolloid and alginate dressings which will be used at the nurses digression NHS Choices (2010). Nurses should always be aware of any potential risk factors that may worsen or add to the development of pressure ulcers when using any pressure risk assessment tool. The nurse will have to decide the frequency of re-positioning the patient, implementing a turning chart to keep times and dates documented and to communicate to other members of staff what time the patient needs turning. This involves moving the patient into a different position to remove or redistribute pressure from a part of the body Walsh and Dempsey (2010). By analysing the evidence on the effectiveness of repositioning this can help to reduce patient suffering and improve their quality of life, lighten the work load of staff and help reduce the financial burden on the health service Luoa and Chub (2010). In paediatric nursing, a child is to be assessed within six hours of being admitted and then reassessed daily. Most paediatric pressure ulcer risk assessment scales were developed using clinical experience, or by modifying adult scales Bedi (1993). The Glamorgan Paediatric Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale was developed using detailed paediatric inpatient data Willock et al (2008). It is a clinical tool designed to help nurses assess the risk of a child developing a pressure ulcer, it uses a scoring system that takes things like mobility, equipment, haemoglobin levels and temperature into account and guides the nurse as to what interventions need to be put in place, such as what type of mattress or dressings will be needed. In learning disability and mental health nursing, a range of pressure sore assessment tools are used such as the Norton, Braden and Waterlow risk assessment scales, these are mainly used for patients who are not very mobile as in the adult field. Nursing is more concentrated on their patients psychological health OTuathail and Taqi (2011). It is the nurses duty to provide the best possible care for their patients and this involves using Evidence-based practice. EBP enables the nurse to make decisions about patient care based on the most current, best available evidence. It allows the nurse to provide high quality care to patients based on knowledge and research Rodgers (1994). Principles of evidence-based practice and the crucial elements involved in the process are explained by Cleary-Holdforth and Leufer (2008) in five steps. Steps are there to equip nurses with the necessary knowledge and skills to use evidence-based practice effectively and to make positive contributions to patient outcomes. The five steps Ask, Aquire, Appraise, Apply, Analysis and Ajust are to simply guide healthcare professionals in making effective clinical decisions when problem solving. Early Warning Score (EWS) is an evidence based method. Carberry (2002) identifies that the purpose of EWS is to provide nursing and medical staff with a physiological score generated from recordings of vital signs. NICE Clinical Guideline 50 (2007) suggests that physiological track and trigger systems should be implemented to monitor all adult patients in acute hospital settings, providing guidance on the standardization of EWS. Physiological signs that should be monitored and recorded are heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, temperature and level of consciousness. Vital signs should be recorded upon admission, at regular intervals during a patients stay and also before, during and after certain procedures Castledine (2006) and the frequency of monitoring, if abnormal physiology is detected should increase. EWS uses a scoring system 0, 1, 2, and 3 and colour codes white, yellow, orange and red, number 3 and the colour red being the highest risk indicators Morris and Davies (2010). Nurses should adapt to following guidelines the Early Warning Score offers, to help make clinical decisions that are best for their patients. Factors that may improve or prevent effective decision making while using the EWS could be down to capability, knowledge and ignorance. If health care professionals are well able and confident in recording and documenting patients vital signs, then any changes can be observed and prevented or dealt with quickly. The EWS implementation adds automated alerts hours before a rapid response would be initiated and can decrease treatment delays by up to three hours Subbe et al (2003). It only takes one nurse to lack competence when using the EWS, therefore putting patients lifes at risk. Early Warning Score is also used in the Mental Health and Learning Disability fields of nursing although it may not be used as often as in Adult nursing, it is imperative that patients who are physically or mentally unwell, require monitoring of their vital signs in an acute setting. Nurses may have to use their knowledge to improvise different ways of obtaining vital signs from some patients with learning disabilities or mental health problems, such as turning it into a game or distracting them especially if they lack the mental capacity and are unwilling to comply Hardy (2010) Medication can have serious effects on a patients health. Indications of these effects may be noticed in their EWS, combined with the knowledge and clinical judgement of health care professionals NIMH (2008) . If the EWS tool is not used as it should be in these fields then it will be hard for the health care professionals to obtain the needed evidence to make accurate clinical decisions. In the child field of nursing a similar tool to the EWS is used called PEWS, Paediatric Early Warning Scores. There are currently four PEWS charts used within the NHS for different age groups, 0-11months, 1-4 years, 5-12years and 13-18 years, the difference being the ranges for childrens vital signs NHS (2013). A key factor that may hinder accurate PEWS scoring could be due to the fact the child is scared when it comes to checking their vital signs, also very young children can be unwilling or fidgety Kyle (2008), this is where the nurse would have to use their knowledge to overcome such problems. The nurse could make it fun for the child, explain the equipment and what they are going to do and why. It is vital that the nurse gains consent from the childs parent before carrying out any procedure. It is important that the family play an important role in the care of the child DOH (2001). I have learnt various things while researching into the chosen decision making models and methods. I have been made aware of potential risk factors that may arise while using both tools in all fields of nursing and what could be done to prevent them. I feel confident in looking out for any risks involving the EWS and Pressure ulcer risk assessment tools while out in practice and believe that using these tools correctly can ultimately save lives.

Alibaba: Competing in China and Beyond Essay

1. Introduction In this paper, we will talk about the most successful and famous e-commerce company in China: Alibaba Group about its competition strategies and its future moving. Alibaba Group was founded by Ma Yun (Jack) and the other 17 people in 1999 in Hangzhou. Jack wants to make the Internet become a universal, safe and reliable tool that would benefit the public. Alibaba Group now is holding by private, it has more than 70 offices in Greater China, Singapore, India, the United Kingdom and the United States, with more than 20,400 employees. 2. History and Development of Alibaba In 1999, Alibaba was formally established in Hangzhou and it financed from Softbank, Goldman Sachs, Fidelity Investments and other U.S. investment agencies for about 25 million dollars. Three years later, Alibaba’s B2B become profitable. In 2003, China’s first personal e-commerce site Taobao was established by Alibaba, in the same time, it also published the online payment system-Alipay to support their B2B and C2C business. In 2005, Alibaba established a strategic partnership with Yahoo USA; meanwhile, it was in charge of Yahoo China. In 2007, Alibaba founded the business management software company: Ali Software, and Alibaba.com Limited IPO in  Hong Kong Stock Exchange. In 2009, Alibaba Cloud Computing established, later in 2010, Taobao Mall started an independent domain name Tmall.com and it became Alibaba’s B2C service website which is focus on quality goods sales. In 2012, Alibaba Group has completed the initial share buyback and restructure the relationsh ip with Yahoo, while, Alibaba.com Limited officially delisted from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Chart 2.1 Overview of Alibaba Group 3. Alibaba’s competition advantages 3.1 Biggest market share of E-commerce in China We can see from the charts, till the end of 2013, Alibaba has owned the biggest market share in B2B, B2C, C2C and online-payment service. It has already became the top one e-commerce company in China. Chart 3.1.1 China B2B Market in 2013 Chart 3.1.2 China B2C Market in 2013 Source: http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/ Chart 3.1.3 China C2C Market Share Chart 3.1.4 China Online Payment Market Share Source: www.NBweekly.com & http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/ 3.2 The largest B2B, B2C and C2C website Alibaba is the world’s largest provider of online trading, and the world’s largest business forum. To December 31, 2012, the platform had around 500 million registered users and more than 2.8 million supplier storefronts, and  its websites are available in English, Simplified Chinese, Korean and other languages. It provides professional services for the global business. 3.3 The visibility is very strong Depends on its Propaganda efforts, almost all over the world have their ads now. 3.4 Better function Alibaba’s site speed, reasonable softwares, and good service attracted entrepreneurs of all ages around the world. 3.5. Others Also Alibaba had a high reputation in the Asia Pacific region and it always keep innovation, for example, in 2013 it officially published its online chat App called â€Å"LaiWang†. 4. The Movement of IPO (Initial Public Offering) 4.1 Background On March, 2014, Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. announced the company will do IPO in New York Stock Exchange; the estimated time will be in quarter three of 2014. The IPO scale is considered to be between $150~200 billion (USD) (Chen, 2014). If the plan is actually executed, it will be one of the biggest IPO scales in the history. To do IPO, from the obvious perspective, it is for arranging the global market. However, it has been 15 years since Alibaba was founded in 1999, why the company decided to do IPO now? What is the reason behind and trigger this movement? It is worth to look into the meanings behind and analyze the reasons. There are two major reasons behind this huge action. One is keeping the control right inside the partnership; the other is competing with the main and biggest competitor Tencent in China. 4.2 Maintaining the control right The first reason is to maintain the control right inside the partnership. For the founder of Alibaba, the core idea of managing the firm is to keep the company culture and the innovation power. Based on this idea, he developed the special partnership structure for the firm. The special partnership structure is meaning CEO needs to be chosen from Alibaba’s partners. And, to  become the partner, the staff needs to be the core manager in the department and work in Alibaba group at least five years. The meeting of choosing partners will run one time per year, the nominee needs to get at least 75% votes from the existing partners, then he/she can become the partner. Now the boards of directors are formed by 2 seats of Alibaba, 1 seat of Softback and 2 seats of Yahoo. It is dangerous for the founder and managers that they can be replaced or take away the control right suddenly. The shareholding structure of Alibaba now is around Yahoo has 23%, Softbank has 31.9%, the founder has 7.4% and managers/other shareholders have 37.7%. According to the agreement between Yahoo  and Alibaba in 2012, if Alibaba can do IPO before in the end of 2015, then Alibaba can repurchase the half of holding shares which Yahoo takes now, also Yahoo will give up one seat in board of directors. Therefore, doing IPO is not just a simple global strategy, more with the implicit intention behind. 4.3 Rising competition The second reason is to compete with Tencent in China. Alibaba is the biggest B2B and B2C e-commerce company in China; it has leading position for past years. However, the situation has changed in recent 3~4 years, more and more users access the internet including buying goods and services via cell phones. It is the benefit access for the competitor Tencent to grab the market from Alibaba. Especially, Tencent just bought a large stake of JD.com (Gittleson, 2014). JD.com is the second biggest e-commerce site in China and in B2C market; it is also the second place right behind Alibaba. The competition intention with Alibaba is obvious. The recent competitions between two parties can refer the below Table 4.3.1. Both companies also start to make acquisitions in small areas and ready for a head-to-head competition (Gittleson, 2014). Tencent doesn’t need to worry about the money since the company did IPO right early in 2004 in Hong Kong Stock Exchange; the stock price is HK$578 on 18th, March, 2014 which is 156 times more compared to 10 years ago (Yu, 2014). Hence, Alibaba needs to find the money  support and start this† one of the most expensive competitions in online history.† said by Kim Gittleson from BBC news. Main business E-commerce platforms in B2B, B2C and C2C markets. (Taobao, TMall, Alipay) Instant message platform. (QQ, WeChat) Recent Competitions 1. During Chinese New Year, Tencent launched a mobile payment service that users can send or receive the money of red packet on line; it gave a warning to Alibaba’s Alipay (Gittleson, 2014). 2. The competition in mobile app for calling taxis (Alibaba’s Kuaidi v.s. Tencent’s Didi). The app not only can call cabs but also can tip for the ride. It is estimated that both parties pay more than $3 billion to subsidize it (Tong, 2014). 3. In the end of 2013, Alibaba launched one messaging application called â€Å"LaiWang† and tried to compete with Tencent’s â€Å"WeChat† 5. Conclusion As we can find out from the previous chapters, Alibaba is a market leader and dominance Chinese e-commerce markets over ten years. Due to its large market share, innovation power and strong website function, no one is able to challenge its leading positions. However, in recent years, internet users start to change their using ways via the booming mobile phones. It benefits another giant company Tencent to penetrate Alibaba’s existing markets. Even though Alibaba has the first-mover advantages in the market, the competition from Tencent doesn’t stop even getting aggressive. From the IPO movement of Alibaba, it can see Alibaba take this competition serious and doesn’t want to lose. Two giants battle for the leading place. The tough and expensive competition with Tencent just started. But, now Alibaba not only need to concern about the domestic competition but also need to make careful actions in global markets due to the IPO. The future of Alibaba is becoming more uncertain since the global markets are adding into the plan and the sever competition keeps going on. 6. References 1. Bidwai, S.V. (2010) Case Analysis Alibaba: Competing in China and Beyond. 2. Chen, Copper (2014) Super IPO, what’s the meaning for Alibaba (translated). Business Next. Retrieved from: http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/31942. 3. China Internet Watch 2013. For Charts 3.1.1, 3.1.2 & 3.1.4. Retrieved from: http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/. 4. Gittleson, Kim (2014) Tencent and Alibaba Battle for Internet Dominance in China. BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/business-26540666. 5. Southern Weekly. For Charts 3.1.3. Retrieved from: http://www.NBweekly.com. 6. Tong, Frank (2014) Alibaba’s Founder Talks about Its IPO and Competition. Internet Retailer. Retrieved from: http://www.internetretailer.com/2014/03/18/alibabas-founder-talks-about-its-ipo-a nd-competition. 7. Walraven, Piet (2009) A Brief History (and Future) of Alibaba.com. TechNode. Retrieved from: http://technode.com/2009/01/22/a-brief-history-and-future-of-alibabacom/. 8. Wang, Guo-An & Lim, Yong-Taek (n.g) Research in China’s Alibaba’s Development. 9. Yu, Sophie (2014) A Tale of Two Internet Leaders: Tencent vs Alibaba. China Business. Retrieved from: http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1452041/tale-two-internet-l eaders-tencent-vs-alibaba.

Cylinder Deactivation Variable Engine Displacement

What is cylinder deactivation? It is a method used to create a variable displacement engine that is able to supply the full power of a large engine under high load conditions as well as the fuel economy of a small engine for cruising. The Case for Cylinder Deactivation In typical light load driving with large displacement engines (e.g. highway cruising), only about 30 percent of an engine’s potential power is utilized. Under these circumstances, the throttle valve is only slightly open and the engine has to work hard to draw air through it. The result is an inefficient condition known as pumping loss. In this situation, a partial vacuum occurs between the throttle valve and the combustion chamber—and some of the power that the engine makes is used not to propel the vehicle forward, but to overcome the drag on the pistons and crank from fighting to draw air through the small opening and the accompanying vacuum resistance at the throttle valve. By the time one piston cycle is complete, up to half of the potential volume of the cylinder has not received a full charge of air. Cylinder Deactivation to the Rescue Deactivating cylinders at light load forces the throttle valve be opened more fully to create constant power, and allows the engine to breathe easier. Better airflow reduces drag on the pistons and the associated pumping losses. The result is improved combustion chamber pressure as the piston approaches top dead center (TDC) and the spark plug is about to fire. Better combustion chamber pressure means a more potent and efficient charge of power is unleashed on the pistons as they thrust downward and rotate the crankshaft. The net result? Improved highway and cruising fuel mileage. How Does it All Work? In a nutshell, cylinder deactivation is simply keeping the intake and exhaust valves closed through all cycles for a particular set of cylinders in the engine. Depending on the design of the engine, valve actuation is controlled by one of two common methods: For pushrod designs—when cylinder deactivation is called for—the hydraulic valve lifters are collapsed by using solenoids to alter the oil pressure delivered to the lifters. In their collapsed state, the lifters are unable to elevate their companion pushrods under the valve rocker arms, resulting in valves that cannot be actuated and remain closed.For overhead cam designs, generally a pair of locked-together rocker arms is employed for each valve. One rocker follows the cam profile while the other actuates the valve. When a cylinder is deactivated, solenoid controlled oil pressure releases a locking pin between the two rocker arms. While one arm still follows the camshaft, the unlocked arm remains motionless and unable to activate the valve. By forcing the engine valves to remain closed, an effective â€Å"spring† of air is created inside the deactivated cylinders. Trapped exhaust gasses (from previous cycles before the cylinders were deactivated) are compressed as the pistons travel on their upstroke and then decompressed and push back on the pistons as they return on their down stroke. Because the deactivated cylinders are out of phase, (some pistons traveling up while others are traveling down), the overall effect is equalized. The pistons are actually just going along for the ride. To complete the process, fuel delivery for each deactivated cylinder is cut-off by electronically disabling the appropriate fuel injection nozzles. The transition between normal operation and deactivation is smoothed by subtle changes in ignition and camshaft timing as well as throttle position all managed by sophisticated electronic control systems. In a well-designed and executed system, the switching back-and-forth between both modes is seamless—you really don’t feel any difference and have to consult the dash gauges to know that its happened. Read more about cylinder deactivation at work in our review of the GMC Sierra SLT flex-fuel, and see the instant fuel economy it generates in the GMC Sierra test drive photo gallery.

10 Habits Of Happy People - 1179 Words

10 Habits of Happy People! Do you know this? Somewhere within each of us, there exists a supreme self who is always at eternal peace. This means, however difficult or dire your situation is, there always is a source in your own self to derive solace from. In other words, each one can and has to find his/her peace from within. This peace is real and cannot be affected by outside circumstances. Happiness results from the possession or attainment of what one considers good, the supreme of which is peace. It could also be said, while pleasure, which is broadly considered as happiness, is something derived from outside, joy arises from within. Happy people always carry peace with them. Peace makes your heart beautiful and in turn makes your physical self beautiful too. We shall now examine the 10 habits of Happy People. 1. Live in the present The tested and accepted truth is, living one day at a time is the key to happiness. When you procrastinate and put until tomorrow what you could have done today as well, you run the risk of dying leaving a job undone. The best day in a week, a month or a year is TODAY. Happiness lies in enjoying a day’s work and loving deadlines. If you stand on an island of opportunities, but think another land is greener you are the loser. There is no other land; there is no other life but this. There is no other day but today. 2. Thank Heavens for each second What all you have right this second? Think not of what you have not; think what you have andShow MoreRelatedThe 10 Habits Of Happiness901 Words   |  4 PagesThe 10 Habits of Happiness By Dr. Nicola D Bunting | Submitted On December 02, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter 1 Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Dr. Nicola D Bunting How happy do you want to be? How happy will youRead MoreThe Average Life Expectancy For A Human873 Words   |  4 Pagesthat thousands of people around the world located in blue zones live to be 100 years of age or older and are not confined to a wheelchair. Yeah that right, they still perform the same task and activities that we do every day such as driving, hiking, swimming, and even lifting weights! Many of your peers would jump to the opportunity to live that old right? Well you’re sadly mistaken. I believe none of my peers would not be able to nor wish to adopt the habits practiced by people who live in blue zonesRead MoreAristotle’s Theory of Virtue and Happiness1621 Words   |  7 Pageshappiness and good morals is explained. I agree that a human’s goal in life is to be happy, and to live a good life but happiness and good do not come hand in hand. In this paper, I disagree with Aristotle’s proper function argument. The word happiness is a much broader term to Aristotle than what we think of. (Johnston, Para. F) By happiness he means successful, living a good life and physical well being. A fully happy life would include success for themselves, their family and descendants. The ideaRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesUtiltranisim, pg 10). (This means that decisions in life, and in morality, should be based on what would result in the greatest amount of good, or happiness, for the greatest amount of people). So, when someone makes decision to think about just their own happiness, they should rather think about how to morally make a decision that will make most of the people happy. The concept is not to think about yourself and what makes you happy, but think about as a whole and what makes the society happy t0ogetherRead MoreThe How Of Happiness : A New Approach For Getting The Life You Want By Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky865 Words   |  4 PagesThink of happiness as 100%. 50% of this is based on genetics and this is a person’s set happiness point. Even when a person experiences extreme emotion like winning the lottery after some time his or her happiness level will return to the set point. 10% is based on a person’s life circumstances such as where he or she lives, how much money he or she has, how you look, etc. The final 40% is where Dr. Lyubomirsky puts her focus because this is the part of person’s happiness that he or she is able toRead MoreIs It Time For Eat Better?872 Words   |  4 PagesIs It Time To Eat Better? Is It Time To Stop Eating From The Microwave? Being single can suck. I get it. Many guys on this blog have outright told me they are not going to be happy UNTIL they find a woman and get in a relationship where they come home to someone every day. But the truth is you can be happy at any time in your life. Don t leave it up to someone else and what they do. It s your choice! Life is moving by you RIGHT NOW, and if you spend your days complaining about (and focusing on)Read MoreThe Survey On The Forrester Happiness Survey1215 Words   |  5 Pagesreverse coded a total of 7 questions (Questions 4, 7-10, 17, 19). The results indicated that predominantly a full range of responses was used throughout the measure. However, some of the questions did not have every response used by a participant. For example, one of the questions (I’m happy with my eating habits.) participants used only three responses such as†¦. Of the respondent’s surveys that were used in analysis 8 stated they disagreed, 10 stated they agreed, 8 stated they were neutral toRead MoreShould Junk Food Be Taxed More?1738 Words   |  7 PagesFood should be taxed more for reasons such as Obesity, Diabetes, and High Blood Pressure, etc. These health risks are linked to the consumption of Junk Food, which is consumed every day by many Americans. â€Å"10 percent tax would reduce consumption of soda by 8 to 10 percent.† Even though some people believe that Junk Food Tax won’t curb the many diseases linked to it, Junk Food Taxes could decrease the risks of diseases, limit consumption due to prices a nd bring awareness to many common diseases likeRead MoreAristotle s Doctrine Of The Mean1344 Words   |  6 Pagesones, but to Aristotle happiness is a telos that incorporates an individual’s lifetime. He argues that happiness is not gained or lost, it is however the ultimate value of an individual’s life. For that reason we cannot assume that young children are happy because they have not met their telos yet, or conclude that a hockey game during half time is terrific because the game has not ended yet. To understand Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean, we have to breakdown his approach to virtue. Aristotle breaksRead More Relationships and Marriage - Dont Marry!1494 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the 1980s, young women simply have to say no to marriage. Not only is it unnecessary, but a bad habit as well. We young women who are now at the age for which marriage becomes a regular topic of conversation need to stick together Single woman must learn the satisfaction, the fulfillment that awaits them by refusing to be taken in by those who insist that to be feminine, normal, happy, and fulfilled, they must marry. Lets take the premise first: that in order to be feminine we must